tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91646259099094162032024-03-14T13:23:43.542+05:30Tech knowledge 360ºThis blog is for all who interested in the domains of design and development to share & seek knowledge.Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.comBlogger40125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-2145446893083820022017-02-06T20:20:00.000+05:302017-02-06T20:22:33.570+05:30What is a USB Killer? and How it works? USB Killer Protection ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The USB Killer is a testing device created to test the USB ports against power surge attacks. The USB Killer 2.0 tests your device’s resistance against this attack.</div>
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The USB Kill collects power from the USB power lines (5V, 1 – 3A) until it reaches ~ -200V, upon which it discharges the stored voltage into the USB data lines.</div>
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This charge / discharge cycle is very rapid and happens multiple times per second. The process of rapid discharging will continue while the device is plugged in, or the device can no longer discharge – that is, the circuit in the host machine is broken.</div>
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The USB Kill Tester Shield is a dual purpose device:<br />
– It allows you to test your USB Kill 2.0 without damaging your host device.<br />
– It prevents data theft via ‘juice-jacking’<br />
If you use a charger or USB port that is not your own – the device can steal your data while you are charging. Using a USB Kill Shield will prevent the devices from having access to your data.</div>
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In our tests, over 95% of devices are affected by a USB power surge attack. Almost all consumer-level hardware fails when tested against the USB Kill. The most frequent outcome is the complete destruction of the device (laptops, TVs, smartphones, etc.). Almost all consumer-level hardware fails when tested against the USB Kill.</div>
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Hardware designers of public machines should have a USB Kill to test their products: photo booths, copy machines, airline entertainment systems, ticket terminals, etc. – anything with exposed USB ports should ensure that their systems resist electrical attacks.</div>
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Likewise, consumer hardware designers cell phones, laptops, televisions, portable devices – should protect their devices against malicious attacks. Security auditors and penetration testers should also have a USB Kill 2.0 in their arsenal of tools.</div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Finally, the general public, or anyone who wants to test or kill their own devices should equip themselves.</span></div>
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To stay protected from USB killer a varister or similar kind of transient voltage suppression diode needs to be integrated into the USB ports . In the next video you will see how to make USB killer in just few seconds ! in just 5$ </div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-17987803376531540532016-12-06T12:26:00.003+05:302016-12-06T12:26:46.128+05:30WhatsApp Update: List of Smartphones That Will Not Be Supported in 2017<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Earlier this year, WhatsApp announced the discontinuation of its services for older smartphones by the end of 2016.</div>
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In a technology upgrade, WhatsApp planned to phase out compatibility with older phones as they plan to focus on the mobile platforms that vast majority of people use.</div>
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"While these mobile devices have been an important part of our story, they do not offer the kind of capabilities we need to expand our app's features in the future," said a WhatsApp spokesperson.</div>
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The mobile platforms and their versions which would not be supported by WhatsApp in 2017 are:</div>
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- Android : Android 2.1 and Android 2.2<br />- Windows : Windows Phone 7<br />- iPhone: 3GS/ iOS 6</div>
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App support will be extended for the following devices until June 2017:</div>
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- Blackberry 10 running on BBOS<br />- Nokia S40 running on Symbian S40</div>
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As per the list, the Android smartphone users need not worry as the app will be supported by most of the Android devices.</div>
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iPhone users having phones running on iOS 6 or earlier versions will not be able to use the services of the app anymore.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-62682623520390342202015-03-08T14:49:00.002+05:302015-03-08T14:49:19.423+05:30Radioactivity definition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Radioactivity defined as the spontaneous emission of particles (alpha, beta, neutron) or radiation (gamma, K capture), or both at the same time, from the decay of certain nuclides that these particles are, due to an adjustment of their internal structure.</div>
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Radioactivity can be natural or artificial. In natural radioactivity, the substance already has radioactivity in the natural state. In artificial radioactivity, the radioactivity has been induced by irradiation.</div>
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A radionuclide is all the radioactive cores of the same kind. All radioactive cores forming a radionuclide have a well-defined radioactivity, which is common to all of them and that identifies them; the same way that a type of chemical reaction identifies the elements involved.</div>
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Quantitatively, radioactivity is a statistical phenomenon. Therefore, it should be observed to rate the behaviour of a set of nuclei of the same species. By the law of large numbers, we define a constant λ as the probability of radioactive decay of a nucleus per unit time. With this definition, the number N of radioactive nuclei of the same species found in a substance in a time t is given by N = No · e-λt, where No is the number of radioactive nuclei that existed before time t. In fact, hardly a radioactive substance is formed by a single radionuclide, although each of its components disintegrate becomes a different kernel, which as well, can also be radioactive.</div>
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The initial radionuclide is called parent and the derivative, child. This situation may continue throughout multiple affiliations and the set of all of them is called radioactive series or family. In this case, the relationship that gives the number of current radioactive nuclei is more complex because, in addition to considering the number of each one in the initial moment, we should consider that, by disintegration of some ones, other are formed.</div>
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The problem is simplified when you want to achieve radioactive equilibrium (also called secular equilibrium in the natural radioactive series), when a sufficiently long time has passed since the process of affiliation has started. Then, the rate of the decays is imposed by the radionuclide, which has the smallest radioactive constant.</div>
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Natural radioactive nuclides</h2>
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In nature there are about 300 different nuclides, from which 25 are radioactive with a sufficiently long period so that they exist even today; other 35 have a much shorter period. Continuously they are created and they decay into radioactive series.</div>
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Artificial radioactive nuclides</h2>
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Over 1000 artificial radionuclides have been created and identified. The radioactive series are called with the name of the parent nuclide of longer periods. There are four. Three of these are natural radioactive series: thorium´s series, <a href="http://techknowledge36.blogspot.in/2015/03/uranium-nuclear-fuel.html" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Uranium - nuclear fuel">uranium</a>´s series and actinium´s series, ending in their own stable isotopes of lead. These isotopes have respectively the mass numbers of 208, 206 and 207. Regarding the neptunium series, as radionuclides that compose it have a short period compared to the length of the geological eras, this series is not from the nature and has been obtained artificially. The last nuclide of this series is the isotope 209 of bismuth.</div>
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Origin of radioactivity</h2>
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In 1896, Antoine-Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity. He observed that, in studies on the phosphorescence of substances, a mineral of <a href="http://techknowledge36.blogspot.in/2015/03/uranium-nuclear-fuel.html" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Uranium - nuclear fuel">uranium</a> was able to gloss photographic plates, which were kept at his side.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-50741753012955056132015-03-08T14:45:00.002+05:302015-03-08T14:45:58.002+05:30Nuclear fuel definition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The nuclear fuel is the material that has been adapted for use in nuclear power generation.</div>
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When it comes to nuclear fuel we can be talking about the same item or set that is made ready it can be used for containing the material itself, but also other elements.</div>
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The most widely used process involving the nuclear fission fuel.</div>
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There are different types of nuclear fuel, but the most common fuel is consisting of fissile elements such as <a href="http://techknowledge36.blogspot.in/2015/03/uranium-nuclear-fuel.html" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Uranium - nuclear fuel">uranium</a>, generating chain reactions in <a href="http://techknowledge36.blogspot.in/2015/03/nuclear-reactor.html" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. The most common isotope in the fission is <a href="http://techknowledge36.blogspot.in/2015/03/uranium-nuclear-fuel.html" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Uranium - nuclear fuel">uranium</a>-235.</div>
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Production processes nuclear fuel forms the set called the nuclear fuel cycle.</div>
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Another nuclear process is much less used nuclear fusion. In nuclear fusion nuclear fuel used are lightisotopes such as tritium or deuterium.</div>
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There are other elements such as plutonium-238, among others, that are used to produce small amounts of nuclear energy by radioactive processes to radioisotope thermoelectric generators atomic piles or other disintegration.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-43527209514520263252015-03-08T14:44:00.002+05:302015-03-08T14:44:49.914+05:30Nuclear reactor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A nuclear reactor is an installation capable of initiating, controlling and maintaining nuclear reactions (fission usually) chain occurring in the core of the facility.</div>
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The composition of the nuclear reactor is formed by the fuel, coolant, control elements, structural materials and, in the event that it is a thermal nuclear reactor, the moderator.</div>
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Nuclear reactors can be classified as rapid thermal reactors and reactors.</div>
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Thermal reactors are those which function by delaying (moderating) the faster neutrons or increasing the proportion of fissile atoms. To slow the neutrons, called slow neutrons, a moderator is required which can be light water, heavy water or graphite.</div>
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Fast reactors are not required to moderate the speed of electrons and using fast neutrons.</div>
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To build a nuclear reactor is necessary to have enough fuel, we call critical mass. Having enough critical mass means having enough fissile material in good condition to maintain a chain reaction.</div>
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The provision of neutron absorbers and control rods to control the chain reaction and stopping and starting of the nuclear reactor.</div>
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<img alt="Nuclear Power Reactor" border="0" height="312" kasperskylab_antibanner="on" src="http://nuclear-energy.net/media/funcionamiento_central_nuclear/reactor_nuclear.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;" title="Nuclear Power Reactor" width="470" /></div>
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In the reactor core occurs and manteiene the nuclear chain reaction in order to heat the water to be used for driving the turbine of the plant.</div>
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Components nuclear reactor core</h2>
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A nuclear reactor consists of the following components:</div>
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Nuclear Fuel</h3>
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<a class="fancybox" href="http://nuclear-energy.net/media/funcionamiento_central_nuclear/nucleo_reactor_nuclear.jpg" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Core of nuclear reactor" border="0" height="372" kasperskylab_antibanner="on" src="http://nuclear-energy.net/uploads/funcionamiento_central_nuclear/nucleo_reactor_nuclear_200x372.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 5px 5px 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Core of nuclear reactor" width="200" /></a>Nuclear fuel is a material capable of fission enough to reach critical mass, that is, to maintain a nuclear chain reaction. Is positioned so that it can quickly remove the heat produced by this nuclear reaction chains.</div>
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In nuclear power plants using solid fuel. The nuclear fuels vary depending on the type of reactor used but generally <a href="http://techknowledge36.blogspot.in/2015/03/uranium-nuclear-fuel.html" style="border: none; color: #2e79c6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Uranium - nuclear fuel">uranium</a> derivatives.</div>
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In general, a fuel element is constituted by a quadrangular arrangement of fuel rods, as seen in the image. While Russian nuclear reactor VVER pressurized water is constituted by a hexagonal arrangement.</div>
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The guide tubes are attached to the fuel support grids in this way is able to maintain the centers of the fuel rods and tubes guíaa the same distance.</div>
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The mechanical design of the different fuel elements is identical. Some contain bundles and control rods containing burnable poisons or other neutron sources.</div>
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To ensure the quality of the fuel elements, there are numerous inspections and testing of both raw materials and the final product.</div>
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Control rods</h3>
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The control rods beams provide a rapid means for controlling the nuclear reaction. Allow rapid changes reactor power and eventually stop in case of emergency. They are made of neutron absorbing material (boron carbide or alloys of silver, indium and cadmium, etc.) and typically have the same dimensions as the fuel elements. The reactivity of the core increases or decreases by raising or lowering control rod, that is, modifying the presence of neutron absorbing material contained in them in the nucleus.</div>
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For a reactor operated for a period of time must have an excess of reactivity which is maximal with fresh fuel and decreases over the life of the same until it is canceled, when the refill is made of fuel.</div>
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In normal operation, a nuclear reactor is the control rods fully or partially extracted from the nucleus, but the nuclear plant design is such that any fault in a security system or reactor control, always acts in the sense of security of introducing reactor completely all the control rods in the reactor core and carrying a safe stop in a few seconds.</div>
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Moderator</h3>
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The resulting neutron fission reaction have high kinetic energy (high speed gain). The higher your speed is less likely to fisionen other atoms so that this speed should be reduced to encourage new chain reactions. This is achieved by elastic collisions of the neutrons with nuclei makes moderator element.</div>
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Among the most commonly used moderators are light water, heavy water and graphite.</div>
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Coolant</h3>
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In order to use the heat energy given off by nuclear fission reactions using a refrigerant. The function of this heat refrigerant and transport aboserver. Coolant must be corrosion, with a large heat capacity and should not absorb neutrons.</div>
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The most common refrigerants are gases, such as carbon dioxide and helium, and liquid as the light water and heavy water. There are even some liquid organic compounds and metals such as sodium, also using for this function.</div>
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Reflector</h3>
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In a nuclear chain reaction, a certain number of neutron tends to escape from the region in which it occurs. This neutron leakage can be minimized with the existence of a reflecting means to redirect them into the reaction region. In this manner serves to increase the efficiency of the reactor. The medium reflector surrounding the core must have a low capture cross section for not reducing the number of neutrons and to reflect as many of them.</div>
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The choice of material depends on the type of reactor. If we have a thermal reactor, the reflector can be the moderator, but if we have a fast reactor reflector material must have a large atomic mass to reflect neutrons in the nucleus with its original speed (inelastic scattering).</div>
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Shield</h3>
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When the reactor is in operation, it generates large amounts of radiation. Protection is needed to isolate the installation workers caused by radiation from fission products.</div>
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Therefore, biological shielding is placed around the reactor to intercept these emissions.</div>
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The materials used to build this shield are concrete, water and lead.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-83155255116975106122015-03-08T14:44:00.000+05:302015-03-08T14:44:06.475+05:30Uranium - nuclear fuel<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Uranium is the most widely used nuclear fuel in nuclear fission reactions.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">For the particular makes the uranium so different from the other substances we must first consider some basic nuclear physics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Atom</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">electrons</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">comprises surrounding a core; in turn, a core consists of protons and neutrons. A </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">proton</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">has a positive charge; a</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">neutron</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">has no electric charge and is neutral. The positive charges of protons outward violently push attempt. But within the compact volume of a new class of core strength makes an appearance: an attractive force short range, immensely powerful, equally acts between protons and neutrons (which from this point of view, are all nucleons). The short-range nuclear force holds them together, opposing the repulsive effect of the positive charges of the protons. Thus, the neutrons act as "nuclear cement".</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">However, in a core which contains 92 protons (which is a uranium core) repulsive force between protons is expiring nuclear force. While there are 146 neutrons, the nucleus can hardly remain intact. This form of uranium containing 238 nucleons in total, called uranium-238. The next most likely arrangement is a uranium nucleus containing three fewer neutrons, uranium-235. These</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">atoms</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">with lighter nuclei comprise about 0.7% of uranium that occurs naturally (if the cores have the same number of protons, these nuclei thereof chemical element. well, all 92</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">proton</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">core is the nucleus of an</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">atom</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">of uranium</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">atoms</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of the element eg. uranium-238 and uranium-235 are</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">isotopes</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">of Uranium nucleus of uranium-235 has a unique property among more than two hundred types. nuclei found in nature in significant quantities The core of uranium-235 and is under a voltage close to the internal break,. a stray</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">neutron</span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">approaching you can break it completely.</span></div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-89016967723635968192015-02-22T08:29:00.002+05:302015-02-22T08:29:29.697+05:30Indian scriptures mention gravity 1500 years before Isaac Newton: Former ISRO chief G Madhavan Nair<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Former ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair (Photo: PTI)" src="http://dd508hmafkqws.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/styles/article_node_view/public/G%20Madhavan%20Nair%20ISRo%20Mars_0_0_0_0.jpg" /></div>
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One of the country's leading scientists and former ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair on Saturday propounded the theory that some shlokas in the Vedas mentioned about presence of water on the moon and astronomy experts like Aryabhatta knew about gravitational force much before Issac Newton.</div>
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The 71-year-old Padma Vibhushan awardee said the Indian vedas and ancient scriptures also had information on metallurgy, algebra, astronomy, maths, architecture and astrology way before the western world knew about them.</div>
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Speaking at an international conference on Vedas, he however, added that the information in vedas was in a "condensed format" which made it difficult for the modern science to accept it.</div>
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"Some sholkas in one of the Vedas say that there is water on the moon but no one believed it. Through our Chandrayaan mission, we could establish that and we were the first ones to find that out," Nair said, adding that everything in Vedas could not be understood as they were in chaste Sanskrit.</div>
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He also talked very highly about fifth century astronomer- mathematician Aryabhatta saying, "We are really proud that Aryabhatta and Bhaskara have done extensive work on planetary work and exploration of outer planets. It was one of the challenging fields.</div>
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"Even for Chandrayaan, the equation of Aryabhatta was used. Even the (knowledge of) gravitational field... Newton found it some 1500 years later... the knowledge existing (in our scriptures)," he said.</div>
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Nair, who was ISRO chairman from 2003-09, also claimed geometry was used to make calculations for building cities during the Harappan civilisation and the Pythagorean theorem also existed since the vedic period.</div>
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The comments by Nair came in the backdrop of many BJP leaders talking about ancient Indian scriptures having scientific information including on plastic surgery as well as aero-dynamics.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-87310739107140935172015-02-11T20:53:00.002+05:302015-02-11T20:53:22.897+05:30Popular Press Announces: The Big Bang Didn’t Happen!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a class="fancybox image" href="http://i1.wp.com/www.fromquarkstoquasars.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/144789main_CMB_Timeline75_lg.jpg" rel="fancybox" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Timeline of the Universe. Image credit: NASA" class="wp-image-4167 size-full" height="440" src="http://i1.wp.com/www.fromquarkstoquasars.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/144789main_CMB_Timeline75_lg.jpg?resize=607%2C440" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;" width="607" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="border: 0px; color: #777777; font-size: 1em; font-style: italic; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Timeline of the Universe. Image credit: NASA</div>
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Did the big bang really happen? <a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2014/03/24/primeval-atom/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Primeval Atom">Yes</a>, despite recent claims to the contrary. A new paper in Physical Letters B has the popular press wondering if there was no big bang, but the <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1404.3093v3" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">actual paper claims no such thing</a>.</div>
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The big bang is often presented as some kind of explosion from an initial point, but actually the big bang model simply posits that the universe was extremely hot and dense when the universe was young. The model <a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2015/02/08/fact/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="After the Fact">makes certain predictions</a>, such as the existence of a <a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2014/09/03/three-peaks/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Three Peaks at the Big Bang">thermal cosmic background</a>, that the <a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2014/10/10/far-weve-come/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="How Far We’ve Come">universe is expanding</a>, the <a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2014/07/01/rube/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What a Rube">abundance of elements</a>, etc. All of these have matched observation with great precision. The big bang is a robust scientific theory that isn’t going away, and this new paper does nothing to question its legitimacy.</div>
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That doesn’t mean there aren’t unanswered questions about the big bang. For example, simple big bang models show that if you go back in time far enough, there is time when the entire universe was an infinitely dense singularity. This singularity would mark time zero for the cosmos. As many of you know,<a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2015/01/22/pointed-debate/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pointed Debate">singularities are problematic</a>, and they tend to stir up lots of debate. That’s where this paper comes in.</div>
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The paper presents a big bang model without an initial singularity. It does this by looking at a result derived from general relativity known as the Raychaudhuri equation. Basically his equation describes how a volume of matter changes over time, so its a great way of finding where physical singularities exist in your model. But rather than using the classical Raychaudhuri equation, the authors use a variation with a few quantum tweaks. This approach is often called semi-classical, because it uses some aspects of quantum theory, but isn’t a complete quantum gravity model (which we don’t have).</div>
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<a class="fancybox image" href="http://i0.wp.com/www.fromquarkstoquasars.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/big-bang.jpeg" rel="fancybox" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="big bang" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-36687" height="170" src="http://i0.wp.com/www.fromquarkstoquasars.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/big-bang.jpeg?resize=300%2C170" style="border: 0px; float: right; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;" width="300" /></a>What the authors show is that their modified Raychaudhuri model eliminates the initial singularity of the big bang. It also predicts a cosmological constant, which is <a href="https://briankoberlein.com/2014/08/14/like-boss/" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Like a BOSS">a proposed mechanism for dark energy</a>. Their model is really basic, but this first result shows that this type of approach could work. The catch is that by eliminating the singularity, the model predicts that the universe had no beginning. It existed forever as a kind of quantum potential before “collapsing” into the hot dense state we call the big bang. Unfortunately many articles confuse “no singularity” with “no big bang.”</div>
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While this is an interesting model, it should be noted that it’s very basic. More of a proof of concept than anything else. It should also be noted that replacing the big bang singularity with an eternal history isn’t a new idea. Many inflation models, for example, make similar predictions. But none of these ideas eliminate the big bang, which is an established scientific fact.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-87865864302947085132015-02-10T18:00:00.001+05:302015-02-10T18:00:27.664+05:30The Armstrong Purse: Flown Apollo 11 Lunar Artifacts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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At the National Air and Space Museum, as elsewhere around the world, we were enormously saddened when we learned that Neil Alden Armstrong, the first man to set foot on the Moon, had died of complications associated with heart surgery in August 2012. Not long afterwards his family contacted the Museum about artifacts he left in his home office in Ohio. In November, Museum curators Margaret Weitekamp (social and cultural history of space exploration), Alex Spencer (personal aeronautical equipment), and I (as Apollo curator) traveled to Cincinnati and were warmly greeted by his widow, Carol. We reviewed the items with the intention of listing those we felt appropriate for possible donation to the National Collection. The Armstrong family had already decided to donate Neil’s correspondence and paper files to his alma mater, Purdue University. The remaining collection of personal items and memorabilia was also extremely rich. Margaret and Alex may have the opportunity to write about these items in the near future.</div>
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This post is about something else however. A few weeks after we returned to Washington, D.C., I received an email from Carol Armstrong that she had located in one of Neil’s closets a white cloth bag filled with assorted small items that looked like they may have come from a spacecraft. She wanted to know if they were also of interest to the Museum. She provided the following photograph of the bag and the items spread out on her carpet.</div>
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<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=9966" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/previews/9966p.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 5px 0px;">
Photograph provided by Carol Armstrong showing the objects found within the white cloth bag.</div>
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Needless to say, for a curator of a collection of space artifacts, it is hard to imagine anything more exciting. Realizing how important it would be to determine whether any or all of these items were actually flown in the Lunar Module<em> Eagle</em> during the historic Apollo 11 mission, I decided to enlist the expertise of Eric Jones, Ken Glover, and the team of experts who have put together the incredible <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11ReturnedEagleArtifacts.html" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;">Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</a> (ALSJ) website, an indispensable site of detailed information about all aspects of the Apollo program.</div>
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The bag itself was immediately recognizable in that the ALSJ long has had a page devoted to what the astronauts referred to as a <a href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/A12Flown-Purse.html" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;">McDivitt Purse</a>. The purse was a special container (officially called a Temporary Stowage Bag or TSB) stowed in the Lunar Module during launch but specially fitted with pins that fit into sockets in front of the Commander’s station to the left of the Lunar Module hatch. The TSB looks like a clutch purse in the way it opens and closes.</div>
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<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=9965" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/previews/9965p.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 5px 0px;">
Apollo 11 Temporary Stowage Bag</div>
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The astronauts referred to it as a McDivitt purse, apparently because the need for a bag to temporarily stow items when there wasn’t time to return them to fixed stowage locations was first suggested by Apollo 9 Commander James McDivitt.</div>
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After a close examination of detailed photographs taken when the objects were in the Armstrong family’s possession and after they were shipped for cataloging and research to the National Air and Space Museum, the ALSJ experts were able to determine with almost complete certainty that all of the items were indeed from the <em>Eagle,</em> and that — although they were formally scheduled to be left behind — they were assembled in the Temporary Stowage Bag and saved from the fate that awaited <em>Eagle’s </em>ascent stage and all of its contents: crashing into the lunar surface.</div>
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Evidence that the items were intentionally preserved is found in the mission transcripts themselves. (The transcripts of voice communications are the documents around which the entire ALSJ is organized.) The rescued items are referenced by the Apollo 11 crew soon after Neil and Buzz Aldrin rejoined Michael Collins in lunar orbit. While still in the Lunar Module and after lunar orbit rendezvous with the Command Module, Neil and Buzz spent considerable time passing over to Mike the rock boxes and the contingency samples they had collected from the Moon. Less than an hour before they were ready to jettison <em>Eagle</em>, mission transcripts record Armstrong saying to Collins (Mission Elapsed Time (MET): 129:14:53): “You know, that — that one’s just a bunch of trash that we want to take back — LM parts, odds and ends, and it won’t stay closed by itself. We’ll have to figure something out for it.”</div>
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Later (MET 181:38:04) they would describe to mission control the container with the “odds and ends” as, “10 pounds of LM miscellaneous equipment.” It was important they account for the amount and distribution of any added weight so that the return trajectory and entry parameters could be calculated with precision.</div>
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As far as we know, Neil has never discussed the existence of these items and no one else has seen them in the 45 years since he returned from the Moon. (I asked James Hansen, Neil’s authorized biographer if he had mentioned the items, and he had not.) Each and every item has its own story and significance, and they are described with photographs in extraordinary detail in an <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11ReturnedEagleArtifacts.html" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;">addendum to the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</a>. But two of the items are especially timely. Both have been placed on display as part of the recently opened temporary exhibition <em><a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/outside-the-spacecraft/online/" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;">Outside the Spacecraft: 50 Years of Extra-Vehicular Activity</a></em>.</div>
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The first is the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that was mounted in the window of the lunar module <em>Eagle</em> to record the historic landing and “one small step” made by Armstrong as humankind first set foot on another world.</div>
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<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=9642" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/previews/9642p.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 5px 0px;">
Apollo 11 16mm Data Acquisition Camera. Below are a handful of images captured by this camera.</div>
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<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=9968" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/previews/9968p.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 5px 0px;">
Neil Armstrong about to step on the Lunar surface as recorded by the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera.</div>
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<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=9969" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/previews/9969p.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 5px 0px;">
Camera view of Neil and Buzz setting the American Flag.</div>
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The second is one of two waist tethers provided in the lunar module explicitly for securing astronauts should they have to spacewalk from the Lunar Module back to the Command Module had there been a problem reconnecting the two spacecraft in orbit around the Moon. We have determined that this tether was the one Neil Armstrong jerry-rigged to support his feet during the single rest period on the Moon, a story well told and documented in the new <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11ReturnedEagleArtifacts.html#10" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;">Journal entry</a>.</div>
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<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=9641" style="color: #0088cc; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/previews/9641p.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 5px 0px;">
Apollo 11 Waist Tether used by Neil Armstrong to suspend his legs as he attempted to get comfortable during the rest period inside the Lunar Module.</div>
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In the future, we hope to complete documenting and cataloging the entire collection of items and, as appropriate, to place them on public display. Seeing such things with one’s own eyes helps us to appreciate that these accomplishments are not just in history books or movies, but involved real people and real things, and that they involved an extraordinary amount of detailed engineering and planning.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-75281220608464591872015-01-06T11:52:00.000+05:302015-01-06T11:52:06.473+05:30Ancient Indian Planes Could Travel From One Planet to Another<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">Aeroplanes existed in India 7,000 years ago and they travelled from one country to another and from one planet to another, the Indian Science Congress was told today in a controversial lecture that examined ancient aviation technology in the Vedas.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">The hosting of the lecture, presented by Captain Anand J Bodas, a retired principal of a pilot training facility, had recently attracted criticism from some scientists who said it undermined the primacy of empirical evidence on which the 102-year-old Congress was founded.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">The lecture was presented on the second day of the Congress under the aegis of Mumbai University as part of a symposium on 'Ancient Sciences through Sanskrit'.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">Drawing upon the ancient Vedic texts to support the claim that there was flying technology in ancient India, Bodas said, "There is a reference of ancient aviation in the Rigveda."</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">He said Maharishi Bharadwaj spoke 7,000 years ago of "the existence of aeroplanes which travel from one country to another, from one continent to another and from one planet to another. He mentioned 97 reference books for aviation."</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">"History merely notes that the Wright brothers first flew in 1904," he said.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">Bharadwaj, who authored the book Vimana Samhita, had written about various types of metal alloys used to build an aeroplane, Bodas said, adding, "Now we have to import aeroplane alloys. The young generation should study the alloys mentioned in his book and make them here,"</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">He also spoke of the "huge" aeroplanes which flew in ancient India. "The basic structure was of 60 by 60 feet and in some cases, over 200 feet. They were jumbo planes," he said.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">"The ancient planes had 40 small engines. Today's aviation does not know even of flexible exhaust system," he said.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">The ancient Indian radar system was called 'rooparkanrahasya'. "In this system, the shape of the aeroplane was presented to the observer, instead of the mere blimp that is seen on modern radar systems," he said.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">Bharadwaj's book mentioned a diet of pilots. It contained of milk of buffalo, cow and sheep for specific periods, Bodas said.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">The pilot's dress cloth came from vegetation grown underwater, he said.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">An online petition by a scientist at the NASA research centre had demanded that the scheduled lecture be cancelled as it mixes mythology with science.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">The comments by Bodas came a day after Union Minister for Science and Technology Harsh Vardhan told the Congress that Algebra and the Pythagoras' theorem both originated in India but the credit for these has gone to people from other countries.</span><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px;">Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), which hosts the annual event, is a premier scientific organisation of India with a membership strength of more than 30,000 scientists. It was founded in 1914 with the objective to "advance and promote the cause of science in India."</span></div>
Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-36438079647159004662014-10-25T17:27:00.002+05:302014-10-25T17:27:51.152+05:30Famed Physicist Stephen Hawking Joins Facebook<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr style="margin-top: 0px !important;"><td style="margin-top: 0px !important;"><img alt="stephen hawking" src="http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/071/410/iFF/stephen-hawking.jpg?1414180145" style="margin-top: 0px !important; width: 270px;" /></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">World-renowned physicist and author Stephen Hawking has joined Facebook.</span><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">
Hawking became a member of the popular social networking site on Oct. 7, just weeks before the upcoming release of "<a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.space.com/27317-stephen-hawking-biopic-new-trailer.html" style="color: #0099cc; margin-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">The Theory of Everything</a>," a biographical film about Hawking's relationship with his first wife Jane. The film will premiere in the United States on Nov. 7.</div>
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Hawking, who suffers from a motor neuron disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is best known for his work on gravitational singularities and black hole radiation. [<a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.livescience.com/16429-genius-greatest-minds-jobs-einstein-hawking.html" style="color: #0099cc; margin-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Creative Genius: The World's Greatest Minds</a>]</div>
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“I have always wondered what makes the universe exist. Time and space may forever be a mystery, but that has not stopped my pursuit," the astrophysicist wrote in <a data-ls-seen="1" href="https://www.facebook.com/stephenhawking/timeline?ref=page_internal" style="color: #0099cc; margin-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">his first post on Facebook</a>. "Our connections to one another have grown infinitely and now that I have the chance, I’m eager to share this journey with you. Be curious, I know I will forever be."</div>
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The Facebook page is maintained by Hawking's team, and posts from the astrophysicist himself are signed as "SH," according to the site.</div>
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The page includes photos of Hawking at various events and institutions, including one inside the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN particle physics laboratory, located near Geneva on the French-Swiss border. A video on the site shows Hawking's children taking the <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.livescience.com/47507-ice-bucket-challenge-real-impacts.html" style="color: #0099cc; margin-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">ALS Ice Bucket Challenge</a>. Hawking did not take part himself. "Because I had pneumonia last year, it would not be wise for me to have a bucket of cold water poured over me," he said in the video.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-48043817389572813052014-10-23T14:43:00.001+05:302014-10-23T14:43:23.271+05:30Rest In Peace Nokia, Microsoft Renames Lumia As Microsoft Lumia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: RobotoLight, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Ever since </span><a href="http://www.mensxp.com/technology/latest/22505-microsoftnokia-deal-things-you-need-to-know.html" style="background-color: white; color: #ff5e05; cursor: pointer; font-family: RobotoLight, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Microsoft bought Nokia</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: RobotoLight, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, rumors suggested that the name Nokia will soon be buried. Those rumors have just come true. In a latest development at Microsoft, the popular ‘Nokia Lumia’ series has been renamed as ‘Microsoft Lumia’. The transition though, according to Microsoft, will be a slow process. Nokia.com will be changed to Microsoft’s mobile website and Nokia France will be the very first to adopt the Microsoft Lumia on its social networks.</span><br />
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<img alt="Rest In Peace Nokia, Microsoft Renames Lumia As Microsoft Lumia" class="art-lazy imwidth-full" data-original="http://media.mensxp.com/media/content/2014/Oct/restinpeacenokiamicrosoftrenameslumiaasmicrosoftlumia1_1413974438.jpg" id="ed-img" src="http://media.mensxp.com/media/content/2014/Oct/restinpeacenokiamicrosoftrenameslumiaasmicrosoftlumia1_1413974438.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: inline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 650.921875px;" title="Rest In Peace Nokia, Microsoft Renames Lumia As Microsoft Lumia" /><div class="picCaption" style="color: #666666; font-size: 1.2em; margin-top: 8px; text-align: left;">
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FYI, Nokia’s Windows Phone apps have already been renamed to Lumia, shedding away the name Nokia. Nokia, on the other hand, will be an independent enterprise under Microsoft and will be involved in mapping and network infrastructure. The question that looms now is that how Microsoft will brand the new Windows phones. The existing units have Nokia holograms on the front and the back. So, Microsoft is now expected to use either <a href="http://www.mensxp.com/technology/phones/8909-nokia-lumia-925-what-it-holds-for-us.html" style="color: #ff5e05; cursor: pointer; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Lumia</a> in place of Nokia or simply, Microsoft.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-39848283614659293192014-09-16T14:50:00.000+05:302014-09-16T14:50:31.688+05:30Microsoft confirms it will buy 'Minecraft' for $2.5 billion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Microsoft is buying <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> maker Mojang. <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/9/6128759/microsoft-said-to-be-buying-the-maker-of-minecraft-for-2-billion" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fa4b2a; text-decoration: none;">Reports of Microsoft’s plans</a> surfaced nearly a week ago, and the software maker is making it official today. Microsoft is paying $2.5 billion to acquire Mojang, and the deal is expected to close by the end of the year. "<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> adds diversity to our game portfolio and helps us reach new gamers across multiple platforms," says Xbox chief Phil Spencer. "Gaming is the top activity across devices and we see great potential to continue to grow the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> community and nurture the franchise. That is why we plan to continue to make<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> available across platforms – including iOS, Android and PlayStation, in addition to Xbox and PC."</div>
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Minecraft creator Markus Persson, known as Notch, <a href="https://mojang.com/2014/09/yes-were-being-bought-by-microsoft/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fa4b2a; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">will not be joining Microsoft</a> as part of the acquisition. "He’s decided that he doesn’t want the responsibility of owning a company of such global significance," says Mojang’s Owen Hill. "Over the past few years he’s made attempts to work on smaller projects, but the pressure of owning Minecraft became too much for him to handle. The only option was to sell Mojang. He’ll continue to do cool stuff though. Don’t worry about that." Notch has <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/10/6130887/minecraft-notch-2-billion-twitter" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fa4b2a; text-decoration: none;">previously criticized Microsoft's </a>Windows 8 operating system, but in a <a href="http://notch.net/2014/09/im-leaving-mojang/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fa4b2a; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">revealing blog post</a> he discusses his reasons for leaving Mojang and <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i>. "If I ever accidentally make something that seems to gain traction, I’ll probably abandon it immediately," says Persson."Thank you for turning Minecraft into what it has become, but there are too many of you, and I can’t be responsible for something this big."</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><img alt="Microsoft Minecraft" class="vox-lazy-load lazy-loaded" data-chorus-asset-id="696504" data-original="//cdn0.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aa-o0SsgApK5U02e-d_nufHOaK8=/675x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/696504/welcomeminecraft.0.jpg" src="http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aa-o0SsgApK5U02e-d_nufHOaK8=/675x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/696504/welcomeminecraft.0.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></span></div>
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While there are constant calls from investors for Microsoft to sell off its Xbox division and not focus on gaming at all, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella sees things differently. "Gaming is a top activity spanning devices, from PCs and consoles to tablets and mobile, with billions of hours spent each year," says Nadella. "Minecraft is more than a great game franchise — it is an open world platform, driven by a vibrant community we care deeply about, and rich with new opportunities for that community and for Microsoft."</div>
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There are a number of<a href="http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/10/6130597/why-microsoft-wants-minecraft-and-mojang-wants-microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fa4b2a; text-decoration: none;"> likely reasons why Microsoft is buying <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i></a>, and some analysts believe the move could boost Windows Phone’s prospects. <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> has been a popular app on iOS and Android, but the game isn’t currently available on Windows Phone. It’s hard to imagine a version not existing on Windows Phone in future after today’s deal, but Microsoft may also choose to add additional features and benefits to its own Windows version to entice Android and iOS users.</div>
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<q class="right" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #fa4b2a; display: block; float: right; font-family: ff-din-web-condensed, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 2.5rem; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1; margin: 2.5rem 0px 2.2rem 2.5rem; max-width: 40%; quotes: none; text-transform: uppercase;">MICROSOFT TAPS MINECRAFT'S HUGE POTENTIAL</q></div>
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Microsoft’s other interests with <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> are likely related to its huge following, and the ability to attract future developer talent to the Windows platform.<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> was originally released in test form five years ago as an indie game that allows players to shape an environment by crafting and building constructions out of blocks. A younger generation of players have flocked to the game, and videos of replica objects and tips on how to play <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> are regularly shared with millions of views on YouTube. More than 54 million copies of <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> have been sold across PC, Xbox 360, PS3, and other platforms, demonstrating its reach and success.</div>
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That popularity means <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i> is essentially the digital equivalent of Lego blocks, allowing players to create their own worlds that can be shared and edited by others. If Microsoft can tap into that culture without upsetting the millions of devoted fans, then it could serve to open up <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Minecraft</i>to even bigger audiences as a tool for building, education, and development.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-31989414283416598612014-09-12T19:52:00.000+05:302014-09-12T19:52:08.906+05:30NASA’s Mars Curiosity Rover Arrives at Martian Mountain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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NASA’s Mars Curiosity Rover Arrives at Martian Mountain</div>
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This image shows the old and new routes of NASA's Mars Curiosity rover and is composed of color strips taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, or HiRISE, on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. This new route provides excellent access to many features in the Murray Formation. And it will eventually pass by the Murray Formation's namesake, Murray Buttes, previously considered to be the entry point to Mt. Sharp.</div>
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NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has reached the Red Planet's Mount Sharp, a Mount-Rainier-size mountain at the center of the vast Gale Crater and the rover mission's long-term prime destination.<div style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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"Curiosity now will begin a new chapter from an already outstanding introduction to the world," said Jim Green, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "After a historic and innovative landing along with its successful science discoveries, the scientific sequel is upon us."</div>
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Curiosity’s trek up the mountain will begin with an examination of the mountain's lower slopes. The rover is starting this process at an entry point near an outcrop called Pahrump Hills, rather than continuing on to the previously-planned, further entry point known as Murray Buttes. Both entry points lay along a boundary where the southern base layer of the mountain meets crater-floor deposits washed down from the crater’s northern rim.</div>
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"It has been a long but historic journey to this Martian mountain,” said Curiosity Project Scientist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. “The nature of the terrain at Pahrump Hills and just beyond it is a better place than Murray Buttes to learn about the significance of this contact. The exposures at the contact are better due to greater topographic relief."</div>
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After 2 years and nearly 9 kilometers of driving, NASA’s Mars Curiosity has arrived at the base of Mount Sharp.</div>
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The decision to head uphill sooner, instead of continuing to Murray Buttes, also draws from improved understanding of the region’s geography provided by the rover’s examinations of several outcrops during the past year. Curiosity currently is positioned at the base of the mountain along a pale, distinctive geological feature called the Murray Formation. Compared to neighboring crater-floor terrain, the rock of the Murray Formation is softer and does not preserve impact scars, as well. As viewed from orbit, it is not as well-layered as other units at the base of Mount Sharp.</div>
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Curiosity made its first close-up study last month of two Murray Formation outcrops, both revealing notable differences from the terrain explored by Curiosity during the past year. The first outcrop, called Bonanza King, proved too unstable for drilling, but was examined by the rover’s instruments and determined to have high silicon content. A second outcrop, examined with the rover's telephoto Mast Camera, revealed a fine-grained, platy surface laced with sulfate-filled veins.</div>
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While some of these terrain differences are not apparent in observations made by NASA's Mars orbiters, the rover team still relies heavily on images taken by the agency’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to plan Curiosity’s travel routes and locations for study.</div>
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For example, MRO images helped the rover team locate mesas that are over 60 feet (18 meters) tall in an area of terrain shortly beyond Pahrump Hills, which reveal an exposure of the Murray Formation uphill and toward the south. The team plans to use Curiosity's drill to acquire a sample from this site for analysis by instruments inside the rover. The site lies at the southern end of a valley Curiosity will enter this week from the north.</div>
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Though this valley has a sandy floor the length of two football fields, the team expects it will be an easier trek than the sandy-floored Hidden Valley, where last month Curiosity's wheels slipped too much for safe crossing.</div>
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<a href="http://mars.nasa.gov/files/msl/2014-MSL-extended-mission-plan.pdf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 61, 162) !important; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;">› MSL - Senior Review Proposal, Science Sections</a></div>
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Curiosity reached its current location after its route was modified earlier this year in response to excessive wheel wear. In late 2013, the team realized a region of Martian terrain littered with sharp, embedded rocks was poking holes in four of the rover’s six wheels. This damage accelerated the rate of wear and tear beyond that for which the rover team had planned. In response, the team altered the rover’s route to a milder terrain, bringing the rover farther south, toward the base of Mount Sharp.</div>
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"The wheels issue contributed to taking the rover farther south sooner than planned, but it is not a factor in the science-driven decision to start ascending here rather than continuing to Murray Buttes first," said Jennifer Trosper, Curiosity Deputy Project Manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. "We have been driving hard for many months to reach the entry point to Mount Sharp," Trosper said. "Now that we've made it, we'll be adjusting the operations style from a priority on driving to a priority on conducting the investigations needed at each layer of the mountain."</div>
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After landing inside Gale Crater in August 2012, Curiosity fulfilled in its first year of operations its major science goal of determining whether Mars ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life. Clay-bearing sedimentary rocks on the crater floor, in an area called Yellowknife Bay, yielded evidence of a lakebed environment billions of years ago that offered fresh water, all of the key elemental ingredients for life, and a chemical source of energy for microbes.</div>
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NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Project continues to use Curiosity to assess ancient habitable environments and major changes in Martian environmental conditions. The destinations on Mount Sharp offer a series of geological layers that recorded different chapters in the environmental evolution of Mars.</div>
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The Mars Exploration Rover Project is one element of NASA's ongoing preparation for a human mission to the Red Planet in the 2030s. JPL built Curiosity and manages the project and MRO for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.</div>
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For more information about Curiosity, visit:</div>
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<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/msl" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 61, 162) !important; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.nasa.gov/msl</strong></a></div>
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and</div>
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<a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 61, 162) !important; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/</strong></a></div>
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Information about MRO activities is available online at:</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 61, 162) !important; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO</a></strong></div>
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Follow the Curiosity rover mission on social media at:</div>
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<a href="http://www.facebook.com/marscuriosity" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 61, 162) !important; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.facebook.com/marscuriosity</strong></a></div>
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and</div>
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<a href="http://www.twitter.com/marscuriosity" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(39, 61, 162) !important; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.twitter.com/marscuriosity</strong></a></div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-13501048406828543882014-07-20T14:04:00.001+05:302014-07-20T14:04:38.241+05:30Difference between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Difference between power and distribution transformer" class="size-full wp-image-23815 " height="431" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/difference-between-power-distribution-transformer.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" title="Difference between power and distribution transformer" width="624" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="border: 0px; color: #8f8f8f; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 15px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 2px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Difference between power and distribution transformer (Large distributive transformer by 'Powertech Transformers' on pic)</div>
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Power transformers are used in <span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><a href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/gas-insulated-transmission-line-gil" style="-webkit-transition: 0.3s; color: rgb(12, 132, 172) !important; outline: none; transition: 0.3s;" title="Gas-Insulated Transmission Line – GIL">transmission</a></strong></span> network of higher voltages for step-up and step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above 200MVA.</div>
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Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200 MVA.</div>
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Transformer Size / Insulation Level:</h2>
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<strong><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Power transformer</em></strong> is used for the<span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><a href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/electrical-engineering/transmission-and-distribution" style="-webkit-transition: 0.3s; color: rgb(12, 132, 172) !important; outline: none; transition: 0.3s;" title="Transmission And Distribution Electrical Engineering"> transmission</a></strong></span> purpose at heavy load, <span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><a href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/category/high-voltage-2" style="-webkit-transition: 0.3s; color: rgb(12, 132, 172) !important; outline: none; transition: 0.3s;" title="Article Category - High Voltage">high voltage</a></strong></span>greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to distribution transformer, it used in generating station and Transmission substation .high insulation level.</div>
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<strong><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The distribution transformer</em></strong> is used for the distribution of electrical energy at low voltage as less than 33KV in industrial purpose and 440v-220v in domestic purpose. It work at low efficiency at 50-70%, small size, easy in installation, having low magnetic losses & it is not always fully loaded.</div>
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Iron Losses and Copper Losses</h2>
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<strong><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Power Transformers</em></strong> are used in Transmission network so they do not directly connect to the consumers, so load fluctuations are very less. These are loaded fully during 24 hr’s a day, so <a href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/transformer-losses-standards" style="-webkit-transition: 0.3s; color: rgb(12, 132, 172) !important; font-weight: bold; outline: none; transition: 0.3s;" title="Transformer Losses Standards">Cu losses & Fe losses</a> takes place throughout day the specific weight i.e. (iron weight)/(cu weight) is very less.</div>
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The average loads are nearer to full loaded or full load and these are designed in such a way that maximum efficiency at full load condition. These are independent of time so in calculating the efficiency only power basis is enough.</div>
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<strong><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Power Transformers</em></strong> are used in Distribution Network so directly connected to the consumer so load fluctuations are very high. these are not loaded fully at all time so iron losses takes place 24hr a day and cu losses takes place based on load cycle. the specific weight is more i.e. (iron weight)/(cu weight).average loads are about only 75% of full load and these are designed in such a way that max efficiency occurs at 75% of full load.</div>
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As these are time dependent the all day efficiency is defined in order to calculate the efficiency.</div>
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<strong><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Power transformers</em></strong> are used for transmission as a step up devices so that the I2r loss can be minimized for a given power flow. These transformers are designed to utilize the core to maximum and will operate very much near to the knee point of B-H curve (slightly above the knee point value).This brings down the mass of the core enormously. Naturally these transformers have the matched iron losses and copper losses at peak load (i.e. the maximum efficiency point where both the losses match).</div>
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<strong><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Distribution transformers</em></strong> obviously cannot be designed like this. Hence the all-day-efficiency comes into picture while designing it. It depends on the typical load cycle for which it has to supply. Definitely Core design will be done to take care of peak load and as well as all-day-efficiency. It is a bargain between these two points.</div>
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Power transformer generally operated at full load. Hence, it is designed such that copper losses are minimal. However, a distribution transformer is always online and operated at loads less than full load for most of time. Hence, it is designed such that core losses are minimal.</div>
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In Power Transformer the flux density is higher than the distribution transformer.</div>
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Maximum Efficiency</h2>
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The main difference between power and distribution transformer is distribution transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at 60% to 70% load as normally doesn’t operate at full load all the time. Its load depends on distribution demand. Whereas power transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at 100% load as it always runs at 100% load being near to generating station.</div>
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Distribution Transformer is used at the distribution level where voltages tend to be lower .The secondary voltage is almost always the voltage delivered to the end consumer. Because of voltage drop limitations, it is usually not possible to deliver that secondary voltage over great distances.</div>
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As a result, most distribution systems tend to involve many ‘clusters’ of loads fed from distribution transformers, and this in turn means that the thermal rating of distribution transformers doesn’t have to be very high to support the loads that they have to serve.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div>
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All day efficiency = (Output in KWhr) / (Input in KWhr) in 24 hrs which is always less than power efficiency.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-33139397153835403022014-04-05T05:38:00.000+05:302014-04-05T05:38:05.253+05:30 Wanna Build a Rocket? NASA’s About to Give Away a Mountain of Its Code<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Inside the Launch Control Center, personnel watch as the Saturn V rocket carrying the Apollo 11 astronauts lifts off the launch pad on July 16, 1969. <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Image: NASA</em></div>
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Forty years after Apollo 11 landed on the moon, NASA <a href="http://apcmag.com/apollo-11-code-goes-open-source.htm" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aeef; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">open sourced</a> the software code that ran the guidance systems on the lunar module.</div>
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By that time, the code was little more than a novelty. But in recent years, the space agency has built all sorts of other software that is still on the cutting edge. And as it turns out, like the Apollo 11 code, much of this NASA software is available for public use, meaning anyone can download it and run it and adapt it for free. You can even use it in commercial products.</div>
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But don’t take our word for it. Next Thursday, NASA will release a master list of software projects it has cooked up over the years. This is more than just stuff than runs on a personal computer. Think robots and cryogenic systems and climate simulators. There’s even code for running rocket guidance systems.</div>
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This NASA software catalog will list more than 1,000 projects, and it will show you how to actually obtain the code you want. The idea to help hackers and entrepreneurs push these ideas in new directions — and help them dream up new ideas. Some code is only available to certain people — the rocket guidance system, for instance — but if you can get it, you can use it without paying royalties or copyright fees. Within a few weeks of publishing the list, NASA says, it will also offer a searchable database of projects, and then, by next year, it will host the actual software code in its own online repository, a kind of GitHub for astronauts.</div>
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<a href="http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/space-rose.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aeef; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="NASA's "space rose". Image: Courtesy NASA" class="size-full wp-image-666581" src="http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/space-rose.jpg" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="275" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-color: black; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #dddddd; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-line; word-wrap: break-word;">
NASA’s “space rose.” <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Image: Courtesy NASA</em></div>
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It’s all part of a White House-directed push to open up the federal government, which is the country’s largest creator of public domain code, but also a complete laggard when it comes to sharing software. Three years ago, President Obama ordered federal agencies to speed up tech transfer programs like this. And while the feds have been slow, the presidential directive is starting to bear fruit. In February, DARPA <a href="http://www.wired.com/2014/02/darpa-open-source/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aeef; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">published a similar catalog</a>, making it easier for entrepreneurs to get ahold of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s code too.</div>
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NASA has <a href="http://spinoff.nasa.gov/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aeef; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">run a technology transfer program for over 50 years.</a> It has given us everything from the Dustbuster to <a href="http://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff/spinitem?title=Bike+Racing+Helmet" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00aeef; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Giro bicycle helmets</a> to “space rose,” a unique perfume scent forged in zero-Gs. But it’s high time the agency actively pushed out its software code as well. Increasingly, NASA’s research and development dollars are paying for software, says Daniel Lockney, Technology Transfer Program Executive with NASA’s Office of the Chief Technologist. “About a third of everything we invent ends up being software these days,” he says.</div>
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From Star Mapper to Bear Tracker</h2>
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Already, NASA software has been used to do some pretty amazing stuff outside the agency. In 2005, marine biologists adapted the Hubble Space Telescope’s star-mapping algorithm to track and identify endangered whale sharks. That software has now been adapted to track polar bears in the arctic and sunfish in the Galapagos Islands. “Our design software has been used to make everything from guitars to roller coasters to Cadillacs,” Lockney says. “Scheduling software that keeps the Hubble Space Telescope operations straight has been used for scheduling MRIs at busy hospitals and as control algorithms for online dating services.”</div>
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All of the software that NASA writes is copyright free, and although the aforementioned rocket guidance system code and other software may be too sensitive to share, many other projects can be shared with anyone — in theory, at least. If the NASA software isn’t open-source, you need to get cleared by the space agency for a release. Sometimes, this is as simple as proving that you’re a U.S. citizen and signing a usage agreement. The problem is that with more than a thousand projects — coded by software developers at 10 different field centers — it has been tricky for outsiders to get an idea of what NASA has. That’s why Lockney and his staff built this master catalog.</div>
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It was no easy task. “The agency is so spread out that putting everything together…and making it all match has been one of the biggest challenges,” he says. By Lockney’s count, the agency has about 227 public projects, hosted on sites such as GitHub and Source Forge and even NASA’s own website. It had been sharing a lot more code via word of mouth, but putting the 1,000 projects he found in a single catalog will make it a lot easier to figure out what software NASA has.</div>
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Lockney expects the catalog to “grow significantly” after it gets released. “More code will come out of the woodwork. And we’ll process it, categorize it, write up a plain language explanation of what it is, and add it to the catalog.” It’s a daunting task, but there’s no better agency to pull off an open-source moon shot.</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-24797596726023089322014-02-13T13:24:00.001+05:302014-02-13T13:31:00.043+05:30Accurate map of the Milky Way<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-67338693487338869062013-11-23T21:02:00.000+05:302013-11-23T21:02:24.886+05:30Take a virtual tour of the Sun<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<figure class="field-main-image"><img alt="" height="425" src="http://www.iflscience.com/sites/www.iflscience.com/files/styles/ifls_large/public/blog/%5Bnid%5D/Sun%20layers.jpg?itok=ztFC9gjB" typeof="foaf:Image" width="640" /> </figure><figcaption class="field-photo-credit inline"><span class="field-label"> Photo credit: </span> The image is an artist’s concept showing the layers of the Sun. Image credit: NASA </figcaption><div class="sharethis-buttons">
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The <a href="http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Display=Facts&Object=Sun">Sun</a> is a main sequence star, meaning that it is ‘middle aged’ at 4.6 billion years old. It has a surface temperature of approximately 5778 K (5505°C) and has a diameter of about 1,392,684 km. The Sun transforms 620 million metric tons of hydrogen into helium each second; once this supply has run out in about 5 billion years’ time, the Sun will expand into a red giant and then die, leaving behind its core and a planetary nebula. Once the planetary nebula has dispersed into space, a white dwarf will be left behind, which will also someday cool and die.<br /><br /> One method scientists use to study the interior of the Sun is <a href="http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/interior.html">helioseismology</a>. This involves studying the propagation of the waves in its body, similar to how geologists learn about the interior of the Earth by monitoring seismic waves emitted by earthquakes. The waves in the Sun's body cause small oscillations of the surface that are observable.<br /><br /> There are three layers separating the surface of the Sun from its core. The inside layers of the Sun are the photosphere, the convective zone and the radiative zone. The photosphere is comprised of hydrogen at 5500°C, and is where sunspots occur. The convective zone contains currents which take heat to the photosphere, which is around 140,000 km thick. The energy from the core, which is where hydrogen is transformed into helium, goes through the radiative zone, about 380,000 km thick.<br /><br /> The solar atmosphere refers to the parts of the Sun above the photosphere. There are five principal zones of the Sun’s atmosphere: the temperature minimum; the chromosphere; the transition region; the corona; and the heliosphere. The heliosphere extends past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause; here it forms a shock front boundary with the interstellar medium. The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are all much hotter than the surface of the Sun. Solar flares occur in the chromosphere.<br /><br /> NASA have developed a <a href="http://1.usa.gov/UsMPTK">virtual tour of the Sun</a>. You can click on features on the Sun to learn more about: sunspots; the Sun’s structure; the photosphere; solar active region; the corona; and the future of the Sun. you can also learn more about the current solar missions, <a href="http://acrim.jpl.nasa.gov/">ACRIMSAT</a> and <a href="http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/">SORCE</a>. There is also a video on the Sun’s role in climate change and some quick facts.<br /><br /><strong>Sources:</strong><br /><br /><a href="http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FDisplay%3DFacts%26Object%3DSun&h=YAQE-ChGX&enc=AZNVecu40oPLe_ANi0lGi5JP_oAmAGD9eeG8Zed16r9sVQSejSbyueoG0AymhoZ-tEohKBvhSjbo7CqXtlH8ePBLmb9kPkIEwkzvjy_e9Outo_ExynpWks_IYVaZwHrZKy0d32GXHlk2oJLo6BCulpjA&s=1" target="_blank">http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Display=Facts&Object=Sun</a><br /><a href="http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/interior.html" target="_blank">http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/interior.html</a><br /><a href="http://www.thegalaxyguide.com/galaxy/sun/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.thegalaxyguide.com/galaxy/sun/index.html</a></div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-14304128656194019322013-11-17T11:04:00.001+05:302013-11-17T11:04:09.745+05:30Radio-Invention History & The Story of Fight for Patents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Radio – Invention History</h2>
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The invention history of the radio is not only interesting but rather long as well. If you ask who invented the radio, probably you will get the name Marconi. But, was it really Marconi who invented the radio? Well, you have to determine for yourself after going through the journey of the invention history of the radio.</div>
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There are a lot of knots to be untangled if you want to arrive at an answer as to who invented the radio. Was the inventor of radio the person who discovered that electromagnetic waves can be sent through air? Was it the person who sent signals to the farthest distance? Was it the person who sent the first signals with voice? Well, the answers are in fact not easy.</div>
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Wireless itself is relatively a broad concept. Within the wireless category itself, there are many subcategories of which radio broadcasting is just one; the others include wireless telegraph, wireless ship-to-shore communication, and the like. To know the development of wireless, it is crucial to first track the events that led to the discovery of electricity. Though there is early documentation, it was in 1600 that electricity as a science had its beginning. It began when Dr. William Gilbert, Queen Elizabeth’s personal physician invented the electroscope which could detect electromagnetic energy in the human body. Gilbert coined the word ‘electricity.’ From there, a lot of researchers and scientists had their hand in the development of this wonderful field of science. Sir Thomas Browne, Alessandro Volta, Benjamin Franklin, and Georg Simon Ohm were a few among the many who made several contributions to the science of electricity.</div>
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Radio is, in fact, indebted to other major discoveries for its birth: the telephone and the telegraph. Perhaps, these three technologies are very closely related. Radio first started as wireless telegraphy. And, the credit certainly goes to the invention of the radio waves which was found to be capable of sending out music, speech, picture and various other data through air.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Exploring Wireless</strong></h3>
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The true interest in wireless began with the invention of the telegraph in 1837 by Samuel F. Morse in 1937; the telegraph required wires which was a bit expensive proposition during those times. In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish mathematician and physicist, was the first to forecast the presence of radio waves; however, he was not able to prove his theory. Following him, several researchers tried various means to showcase the presence of the radio waves. But, the real experiments that led to the discovery of the Radio started with Heinrich Hertz in 1887. A few call him the father of Radio because it is known that his experiments instilled interest in Marconi. In those days, Radio waves were called Hertzian waves. Hertz showed the projection of swift variation of the electric current into space in the form of radio waves. Hertz then measured the velocity of the waves and found they were the same as light, 186,000 miles per second.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tesla and Marconi</strong></h3>
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When the world was heading towards the 20<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> century, inventors all over were trying on new and exciting inventions. A lot of scientific work in radio technology was heating up as well. In the race to invent the radio, two men, a Serbian-American scientist <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nikola Tesla</strong> and an Italian physicist <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Guglielmo Marconi</strong> went head to head. However, even today or a hundred years later, ask any two people about who invented the radio and I bet you – you will probably get two different answers. The story is perhaps a foggy one that is a mixture of scientific discovery with lawsuits and some old-fashioned marketing.</div>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Nikola-Tesla.jpg" style="clear: right; color: #0f83c4; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Nikola Tesla" class="size-medium wp-image-9497 " height="200" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Nikola-Tesla-262x300.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Nikola Tesla" width="173" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nikola Tesla – Founder of Tesla Coil</dd></dl>
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Tesla invented the induction coil or the Tesla coil after he came to the US in the year 1884. A Tesla coil is a device required to send and receive radio waves (it is said that Marconi relied on this coil for his experiments). In about 1895, unfortunately, Tesla’s laboratory was completely destroyed by fire when he was preparing to send a radio signal about 50 miles to the West Point, New York.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.17em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><strong style="font-size: 1.17em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Marconi’s Research and Invention</strong><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></h3>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Guglielmo-Marconi.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Guglielmo Marconi - Wireless Telegraphy" class="size-medium wp-image-9498 " height="200" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Guglielmo-Marconi-235x300.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Guglielmo Marconi - Wireless Telegraphy" width="156" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Guglielmo Marconi – Wireless Telegraph</dd></dl>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Twenty years after the telephone was invented, music was set down on telephone line and Marconi was the one responsible for the radio signals. The Italian discoverer showcased radio communication’s feasibility. He was fascinated by Hertz’s discovery of the radio waves that he realized it could be employed for receiving and sending telegraph messages; he referred to it as wireless telegraphs. Marconi’s earliest radio transmissions transmitted coded signals to only a mile far in the year 1896. Later Marconi recognized the huge potential of these waves and offered the discovery to the Italian government. Unluckily, the government turned it down. Marconi then realized a patent and started experimenting further after he moved to England. In 1896, Marconi sent and received Morse code-based radio signals at distances spanning approximately four miles. The same year, he applied for and was granted the world’s first patent in wireless telegraphy. It was in England that he received the first patent. In 1898, he made the first ever public broadcast of a sports event – he flashed the results of Kingstown Regatta to Dublin Newspaper office.</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Fight for Patents</strong></h3>
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Tesla applied for his first patents for his radio work in 1897 in the US. He also constructed and demonstrated a radio-controlled boat at the Madison Square Garden in the year 1898. And, this was where things started getting sticky.</div>
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In 1900, the US Patent Office granted Tesla with patents for the fundamental design of the Tesla coil. The radio patents offered to Tesla gave him the ownership over one of the major necessities in radio communications. Towards the end of the same year, Marconi filed a patent for tuned telegraphy. The patent office first denied Marconi’s applications saying that his work relied on the use of Tesla coils. Not getting discouraged, Marconi made use of his father’s contacts and wealth to lead a lucrative business based on his telegraph technology; meanwhile, he continued to pursue his radio patents. In the year 1901, he transmitted the first transatlantic telegraph. Marconi continuously applied for the patent for three years while he also gained financial support from company investors like Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. Finally, in 1904, the US Patent Office strangely reversed its earlier decision and gave Marconi the patent for the invention of the radio. Marconi also won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1909. This further fueled the rivalry with Tesla.</div>
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After a lot of lawsuits, the US Supreme Court restored Tesla (who had died a few months earlier) as the inventor of radio!! However, many people still believe that Marconi is the father of the radio.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Another claim by JC Bose</strong></h3>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/J-C-Bose.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="J C Bose" class="size-medium wp-image-9499" height="200" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/J-C-Bose-254x300.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="J C Bose" width="169" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">J C Bose</dd></dl>
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JC Bose of India was another claimant to the throne of radio inventors. In 1896, he demonstrated radio transmission to the British Governor General at Calcutta in India. The transmission covered a distance of around 3 miles. The instrument he used, the Mercury Coherer attached to a telephone detector, is still displayed at the Calcutta University’s Science College. Bose had overcome Hertz’s problem of waves not being able to penetrate through mountains, walls or water. Marconi’s Coherer and Bose’s Coherer were exactly the same. Bose was hesitant about applying for a patent because he was a firm believer of free flow of inventions in the field of science. However, due to the persuasion of his American friends, he had applied for a patent in 1901. In the year 1904, the US patent was granted to him.</div>
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<br /><br /><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nathan Stubblefield – A Significant Personality</strong><strong style="font-size: 1.17em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </strong></h3>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Nathan-Stubblefield.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Nathan Stubblefield" class="size-medium wp-image-9500 " height="300" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Nathan-Stubblefield-196x300.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Nathan Stubblefield" width="196" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nathan Stubblefield</dd></dl>
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Even before Tesla and Marconi made their way towards the Radio, Nathan Stubblefield, a Kentucky farmer and inventor, demonstrated wireless technology in public in the year 1892. He was able to broadcast signals as well as voice and music!! In 1898, again he demonstrated wireless to a documented distance of about 500 yards. Later in 1902, he showcased a ship-to-shore broadcast on the river Potomac in Washington DC; for this, he received a patent for wireless telephone in 1908. Stubblefield was actually afraid that someone would steal his idea and invention that he tried every possible means to shelter it from everyone. Once he was offered $500,000 for this invention but he refused as thought his invention deserved more. He envisioned the device in motorcars. Following a demonstration in Washington in 1912, his whole device was stolen. He firmly believed that his invention was copied. Sadly, Stubblefield died of starvation after going into seclusion because of his failed attempts for acceptance of his invention.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Now, who is the actual inventor of the Radio?</strong></div>
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Well informed professionals still feel that the whole credit of the invention of the radio should go to Stubblefield. If you visit the Town Square in Murray, Kentucky, you can find a statue of Stubblefield with an inscription “Murray, Kentucky, Birthplace of Radio.” Now, who is the inventor of Radio? The US Supreme Court ruled that Tesla is the father of Radio and Marconi is not. The question still remains whether the honor should really go to Stubblefield or rather Bose.</div>
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<strong style="font-size: 1.17em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Evolution of the Radio</strong></h3>
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Radio has evolved tremendously over the years. Earlier, transmitters were called spark gap machines. They were mainly established for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication. Those days, communication was limited to two points and did not involve public broadcasting as it is today. In case of sea disasters, wireless signals displayed effective communication for rescue operations. A range of ocean liners started installing the wireless equipments and in 1899, the US Army set up the wireless communication. Two years later, the Navy adopted the wireless system; it was a great relief because until then, Navy was using homing pigeons and visual signaling for communication.</div>
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In 1901, radiotelegraph services were established in the Hawaiian Islands. Marconi station located in the Massachusetts carried greetings between Theodore Roosevelt and King Edward VII. In the year 1905, Port Arthur’s naval battle was reported of using wireless communication and the US weather department used radiotelegraphy.</div>
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Sooner, radio transmitters were improved a lot. Overseas radiotelegraph services slowly started developing. Lee Deforest, the inventor of space telegraphy, Audion, and triode amplifier, took care of the developments in many technical issues. Deforest also discovered the detector. In fact, he was the first person to use the term ‘radio.’ His work resulted in the discovery of AM radio that was capable of broadcasting several radio stations which the earlier gap transmitters did not allow.</div>
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Ever since that time, there has been no looking back. The radio has now become a popular medium of handy entertainment. With the technological advancements in the 21<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">st</sup> century, the Internet radio is also introduced. Satellite radio is another recent development in the field. Using this, one can listen to several international radio stations without any issues. In addition to all these latest editions, Ham radio is the next big thing. No wonder radio lovers have a reason to celebrate as there is perhaps a lot in store for them!!</div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-47130153956294681712013-11-16T19:48:00.002+05:302013-11-16T19:48:58.061+05:30The Story Behind the Invention of Electromagnetism<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Electromagnetism</h2>
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Once, a naughty child took a little chalk to his teacher. He asked what it was made of. The teacher answered that it was made of atoms. Then, the teacher continued that the atoms were made of electrons, protons and neutrons. The child interrupted and questioned if the chalk is really made of atoms and the rest of the jargon words, why the atoms are not separated and how they are united. The teacher threw a gentle smile and explained that like the joints in his body connected his bones, there were invisible joints in the atoms that keep the atoms close together and the phenomenon is known as electromagnetism.</div>
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So, have you ever had the same doubt as the little kid? Well, it is always interesting to know about the facts of magnets and electrons and collectively as electromagnets. This write up will help you in knowing more about the invention story, the failures and successes over various experiments that were performed on electromagnetism.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">What does Electromagnetism Really Mean?</strong></h3>
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Like the gravitational force, strong force and the weak force, electromagnetic force is also one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The electrons inside an atom rotate around the nucleus in a particular track called the orbital. Due to the interactive force between the electrons of the same atom and the electrons of the neighboring atom, and because of the momentum, the atoms are held together. The interactive force between the particles of an object or atom is due to the electromagnetic force which also involves the charges.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">People Involved in the Invention of Electromagnetism</strong></h3>
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Most of the leading physicians worked on the property of electromagnetism including Andre Marie Ampere, Hans Christian Oersted , Edmond Halley, James Clerk Maxwell, William Gilbert, Ben Franklin, Charles Austin de coulomb, Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, and Heinrich Hertz</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> The First Spark</strong></h3>
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<a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/James-Clerk-Maxwell.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="James Clerk Maxwell" class="size-full wp-image-9561" height="261" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/James-Clerk-Maxwell.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="James Clerk Maxwell" width="193" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px;">
James Clerk Maxwell</div>
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Until 1873, electricity and magnetism were discussed as two different properties. They were not seen under a single aspect unless guided by James Clerk Maxwell. In his publication, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Treatise, </em>he made a hypothesis that<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </em>the interaction between the positive and the negative charges were aided by a force.</div>
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In earlier days, iron magnets and lodestones were the only known magnets and people believed that the earth had tons of magnets at its core.</div>
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When scientists observed the changes in the direction of a magnetic compass, they believed that the earth’s magnetic field kept changing. In that period of time, a scientist,</div>
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<a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Edmond-Halley.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Edmond Halley" class="size-full wp-image-9562 " height="270" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Edmond-Halley.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Edmond Halley" width="207" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px;">
Edmond Halley</div>
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Edmond Halley, proposed another hypothesis that stated that the globe is made of a number of spherical balls that surrounded one over the other. He also stated that every spherical ball was rotating in a particular direction.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Advancements in the Properties of Electromagnetism</strong></h3>
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In 1820, scientist Hans Christian Oersted wanted to show his students about the heating of an electric coil and demonstrated some of his experiments on magnetic property. He mounted a long needle over a wooden stand for his experiment. He was surprised to the greatest extent when he noticed that every time when he turned on the switch, the needle moved. He winded up that day’s experiments and kept working on finding the newest phenomenon which disturbed him.</div>
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<a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Hans-Christian-Oersted.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Hans Christian Oersted" class="size-full wp-image-9563 " height="259" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Hans-Christian-Oersted.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Hans Christian Oersted" width="205" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px;">
Hans Christian Oersted</div>
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After days and days of work, Hans Christian Oersted could not come to a conclusion about why the needle moved. He noticed that the needle did not have any kind of interaction with the wire as it neither gets attracted towards it nor gets repelled away from it. Hence, after a period of research, he published a paper on his work without explaining the reason why it happened.</div>
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The experiment by Oersted was repeated by Andre Marie Ampere of France. She thought that if an electrical current on a wire can stimulate magnetic property, then it must be capable of synthesizing the same property in another wire too. She then made a series of experiments with parallel and anti parallel current flowing in two wires. She then observed that wires with parallel currents attract each other and the wires with anti parallel current repel away from each other.</div>
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She then concluded with her well- explained experiments that electricity was governed by two set of forces, electric force and magnetic force.</div>
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Though, Hans Christian Oersted and Andre Marie Ampere worked on experiments that disclosed the secrets of the electromagnetic property, there are many other great people involved in this invention. There is no one in particular, who was the major cause for the invention of this phenomenon.</div>
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<a href="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Andre-Marie-Ampere.jpg" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Andre Marie Ampere" class="size-full wp-image-9564" height="224" src="http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Andre-Marie-Ampere.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Andre Marie Ampere" width="224" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px;">
Andre Marie Ampere</div>
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Right from the ancient times, even a common man was aware of the fact that when fur was rubbed on something, the particles get stick to the fur. This was not deeply experimented, but the clues for electromagnetism weeded during the earlier days itself.</div>
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The people who made studies on the electromagnetic property in those days include William Gilbert, Robert Boyle, C.F.du.Fay, Stephen Grey and Otto Von Guericke.</div>
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After the proper experiments by Hans Christian Oersted and Andre Marie Ampere, a few other people worked on this property in the nineteenth century. James Clerk Maxwell, Michael Faraday, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Alva Edison, George Westinghouse, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin are the others who made several important contributions towards the advancements on the properties of electromagnetism.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Recent Studies on Electromagnetism</strong></h3>
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With all the experiments carried out by the earlier mentioned people, it was believed that electromagnetism has a wide variety of applications. The luxury and the comfort that we enjoy today is a result of the work of a number of scientists and researchers. There is no one in particular who can be remarked as the Father of electromagnetism, but the inquisitive nature and the curiosity of a few brains led to the invention of this interesting property.</div>
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Joseph Priestly, who discovered the oxygen and other gases found in the atmosphere, had also made some notable contributions toward this innovative invention.</div>
</div>
Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-9308933862694860722013-06-03T21:03:00.000+05:302013-06-03T21:03:11.251+05:30The story of Fibonacci series<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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All of you must have heard about the term<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> “Fibonacci series”</strong>. Many of you (including me) might have written programs in different programming languages to generate a “Fibonacci series”. It is quite interesting to see that tutorials of all programming languages would contain a problem to generate fibonacci series upto “N” terms. Well, this made me a little curious. What is so important with this particular series? In mathematics, there may be a 100 or 1000 types of series – <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">but why “Fibonacci” is learned by everyone?</strong></div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="background-color: #ececec; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 0px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px auto 10px; max-width: 620px; padding: 8px 3px 5px; text-align: center; width: 366px;">
<img alt="" height="480" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Fibonacci.jpg" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 630px; padding: 0px;" title="Leonardo of Pisa - Fibonacci" width="356" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; padding: 0px;">
Leonardo of Pisa</div>
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Now let’s get into the story. <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fibonacci series is – 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377…</strong> it moves to infinity. This series is named after the famous Italian mathematician -<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Leonardo of Pisa (aka Fibonacci).</strong> His period of life is assumed to be in between 1175 AD to 1250 AD. Leonardo’s father was a merchant in the port of Pisa. As a young boy, Leonardo traveled extensively with his father across the mediterranean sea shores. The <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mediterranean sea</strong> </a></span> (known in latin as <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“middle of land”</strong></em>) connects together 3 continents – <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Africa, Europe and Asia.</strong> Trade had been happening between major ports of all these continents and Leonardo actively involved in these trades with his father. Leonardo and his people who belonged to Europe, was using <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Roman numerals</strong> for trade calculations. The Europeans were completely unaware of the<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> “Hindu Arabic</strong>” system which was used by Arab traders in Asian/African countries (this is the presently known decimal number system ). The basic difference between a Roman numeral system and “Hindu Arabic system” is shown below. </div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Roman Numerals</a></strong></span> has no symbol for zero. They dont have a symbol for 2,3,4,7,8 and 9. Instead they were depending upon the symbols for 1,5,10,50,100,500 and 1000 for their calculations. See the table below. </div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
I</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
1</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
V</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
5</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
X</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
10</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
L</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
50</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
C</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
100</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
D</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
500</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
M</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
1000</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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So to represent 1910 – Romans would write – MDCCCCX. The interesting thing is you can write this in any order – means – CCCCDMX – would also read 1910. This is because the number is read finally by calculating M+D+C+C+C+C+X. It was very difficult to add or subtract two numbers using the roman number system. If you are interested in knowing how calculations are performed in roman system – follow this link – <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://turner.faculty.swau.edu/mathematics/materialslibrary/roman/" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Roman numeral calculations</a></strong>.</div>
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The <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numeral" style="color: #0f83c4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">“Hindu Arabic”</a></strong></span> system was quiet different. They only had symbols for numbers from 0 to 9. This is our decimal number system. Higher numbers were represented in this system by repeated addition or repeated subtraction. This means 1910 in “Hindu Arabic” is 1000 one times + 100 nine times + 10 one time + 1 zero times. </div>
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<span style="color: red; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note:</strong></span> History says that this system originated in India. Arabs learned this from Indians (as part of their Eastern trade) and they called this “Hindu Numerals”. Later westerns learned this from Arabs and they called this system “Arab Numerals”</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Leonardo</strong> learned about various methods used by merchants for calculations and he found the “Hindu-Arabic” system very easy and convenient to perform mathematical calculations compared to the cumbersome “Roman numerals” method. He later introduced this “Hindu Arabic” system in Europe and he documented the system and how to make calculations using this system in a book called “Liber Abaci” (1202 AD). This “new” system later influenced many European mathematicians. </div>
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The Fibonacci series… </h3>
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This series is invented by Leonardo in an attempt to solve a real life problem. <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A rabbit farmer</strong></em> wanted to know how many rabbits he can grew in a year from one pair. The problem is quiet an interesting one. A pair of rabbits bear another new pair in a single month. This new born pairs can bear another pair after the first month. </div>
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Now he explains the problem as:- </div>
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<div style="padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Because the above written pair in the first month bore, you will double it; there will be two pairs in one month.</em><br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">One of these, namely the first, bears in the second montth, and thus there are in the second month 3 pairs;</em><br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">of these in one month two are pregnant and in the third month 2 pairs of rabbits are born, and thus there are 5 pairs in the month;</em><br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">…</em><br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">there will be 144 pairs in this [the tenth] month;</em><br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">to these are added again the 89 pairs that are born in the eleventh month; there will be 233 pairs in this month.</em><br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">To these are still added the 144 pairs that are born in the last month; there will be 377 pairs, and this many pairs are produced from the abovewritten pair in the mentioned place at the end of the one year.</em></div>
</blockquote>
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So that is the real origin of Fibonacci series. This series is invented in an attempt to solve a real life business problem of – <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“how many rabbits can be made from a single pair in an year” . </strong></em></div>
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I said, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“business problem”</strong></em> because Leonardo was basically involved in trade and this problem of rabbits might have raised to him by one of his business contact! </div>
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Other interesting facts:- </h3>
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After the eighth sequence of calculations, there are constant relationships that can be derived from the series. For example, if you divide the former number by the latter, it yields 0.618.</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">34/55 is approx = 0.618 </li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">55/89 is approx = 0.618 </li>
</ul>
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And, if you divide the latter number by the former, it gives 1.618.</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">144/89 = 1.6179 approximately 1.618 </li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">233/144 = 1.6180 approximately 1.618</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note: </strong></span>The series is named “Fibonacci series” by French Mathematician <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Edouard Lucas.</strong> He invented many other applications of the series and also discovered another series which is closely related to Fibonacci series, known as the Lucas numbers (2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47)</div>
</div>
Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-58174521615051847192013-04-14T09:36:00.002+05:302013-04-14T09:36:49.745+05:30You Can Hijack Airplane With An Android App! <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table style="background-color: white; color: #808285; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">If you thought hijacking airplanes was an uphill task, think again! If you so wish to do it, there's an app for it, that makes the task easier than you expect. All you need is an Android smartphone and get the app dowloaded and make the most of the airplane computer systems.<br /><br />Hugo Teso, an IT expert and trained commercial pilot revealed the details of the app while talking at the Hack In The Box Conference in Amsterdam. Teso has an extensive knowledge and experience in both fields. He revealed that the modern day air planes are susceptible to malicious attacks, which all the hackers to take 'complete control' of aircrafts with their mobile device.<br /></span></td><td valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="Android, Android app, App for hijacking airplane, Airplane technology, Android smartphone" border="1" height="150" src="http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/i0Yd90730PM4122013.jpg" width="150" /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #808285; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: verdana;">Teso has developed a software that is capable of getting installed on the on-board computer (SIMON). He has also developed an Android app along with it that allows hackers to have control on various aspects of the plane (PlaneSploit).<br /><br />Teso took advantage of two airplane security technologies including the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). Both the technologies are “highly susceptible to a number of passive and active attacks.” According to Net Security, here's what these technologies are responsible for:<br /><br />The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is responsible for sending information about each aircraft (including identification, current position, altitude, and so on) via an on-board transmitter to air traffic controllers. ADB-S allows aircrafts to receive flight, weather and traffic information about other aircrafts in their vicinity while flying.<br /><br />The other technology called the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) is used to exchange messages between aircrafts and air traffic controllers via radio or satellite. It also allows automatic delivery of information about each flight phase to the latter.<br /><br />SIMON framework works in a virtual environment, which is created with software and hardware products to simulate real life scenarios. It is apparently untraceable after it is deployed and enables the hacker to upload other software to the “Flight Management System [FMS] (computer unit + control display unit)” on a plane. Hacker can then control the aircraft remotely with help of the Android app.<br /><br />After SIMON is installed in FMS, it is PlaneSploit that does the job. The app comes with a clean and simple interface. The steps that you have to follow include:<br /><br />Please go here: It takes the user to choose locations on the map and change the route of the flight.<br /><br />Define area: It sets detailed filters related to the airplane.<br /><br />Visit ground: Crash the airplane.<br /><br />Kiss off: Remove itself from the system.<br /><br />Be punckish: It alerts the pilots that something is seriously wrong. Alarms start buzzing and lights start flashing. </span></div>
Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-41545412024082598022013-03-01T20:10:00.001+05:302013-03-01T20:10:42.416+05:30The Collective Evolution II: The Human Experience (Documentary) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
'The Collective Evolution II: The Human
Experience' is a documentary focused on showing each of the dimensions to the
experience we call life. Its intention is to provide the viewer with the tools
and understanding needed to step out of current limitations and instead
experience the infinite potentiality we are all capable of. The documentary
concludes by addressing the <a href="http://www.knowledgeoftoday.org/2012/02/expansion-of-consciousness-dmt-spirit.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: lime;">shift in consciousness</span></a> that has already begun and continues to
intensify on the planet.</div>
<br />
<br />
<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/alcav1Ox9bg?hd=1;rel=0;showinfo=1;controls=1" width="640"></iframe><br /><br />“The two most important
days in your life are the day you are born and the day you find out why.” -Mark
Twain</center>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c3F5TjJWkYc/T8OVcz29KKI/AAAAAAAABoM/cElNe3L3dIM/s1600/This%2Bis%2Ba%2BUniversal%2B%2528R%2529Evolution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" closure_uid_86872122="2" jquery1362148624487="21" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c3F5TjJWkYc/T8OVcz29KKI/AAAAAAAABoM/cElNe3L3dIM/s1600/This%2Bis%2Ba%2BUniversal%2B%2528R%2529Evolution.jpg" /></a><br /><br />“We are the
facilitators of our own creative evolution.” -Bill Hicks</div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="fluoride"></a>FLUORIDE: The Hard to
Swallow Truth is a short documentary that looks at the initial theories behind
the effectiveness of fluoride and where it originated. It goes on to show the
lack of science behind the use of Fluoride and reveals Fluoride as a toxic waste
substance that is being pumped into our drinking water. The documentary will
conclude by delivering the "hard to swallow truth" of fluoride which pertains to
why it is actually used.<br />
<blockquote>
<u>July 2012</u> NEWS: <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/24/idUS127920+24-Jul-2012+PRN20120724" target="_blank"><span style="color: lime;">Harvard Study Finds Fluoride Lowers IQ - Published in Federal Govt
Journal</span></a></blockquote>
<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/7aTfyo0Xz_c" width="640"></iframe></center>
<br />“In point of fact,
fluoride causes more <a href="http://www.knowledgeoftoday.org/2012/06/fda-cancer-industry-prevent-cure.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: lime;">human cancer death</span></a>, and causes it faster than any other
chemical.” -Dr. Dean Burk, Congressional Record 21 July 1976<br /><br />
<center>
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“When you have power you don't have to tell the truth. That's a rule
that's been working in this world for generations. And there are a great many
people who don't tell the truth when they are in power in administrative
positions.” -Dr. Dean Burk, Ph.D, 34 years at the National Cancer
Institute.</blockquote>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-23848378556442129432013-02-22T09:41:00.001+05:302013-02-22T09:41:57.770+05:30How Do You Know When You’re Overdosing On Social Networks?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Overdosing-concept-feature-image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="addicted to social networks" border="0" class="align-right" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Overdosing-concept-feature-image.jpg" /></a>Social networks are captivating – there’s no doubt. The minds behind building the popular social media platforms of today knew exactly what they were doing and they saw it before any of us ever did. It’s a brilliant idea really – create a medium that allows people from all over the world to connect, share and collaborate like they never have been able to before in the history of the Earth. Incredible!<br />
But an unforeseen (or potentially foreseen, but ignored) consequence is addiction. Social networks have been so good at “helping” us, but now they’re hindering us. From what you might ask? Well, ask your friends, family, parents, even children what they And although it is often joked about, <strong>it isn’t a joking matter</strong>.<br />
<h2>
Diagnosing Your Condition</h2>
Just like anything, there are <strong>different levels</strong> of social media use. Some things are more severe than others. And, of course, something else that plays into it is <strong>how frequent</strong> these things occur and <strong>when</strong> they occur. Using social media isn’t <em>bad</em> – it is an incredible tool, but it can be easily overused. Here are some things that might indicate you are <strong>addicted</strong> and <strong>overusing</strong> social media.<br />
<strong>NOTE:</strong> When reading through these, look at them collectively instead of individually. Also, these are not listed in importance – all of them are equally important.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #1: You Go Online For Productive Reasons, But Find Yourself On Social Networks Instead</h3>
Sometimes this happens intentionally due to temptation. However, other times it simply occurs out of habit. Do you do this? I do. All… the… time.<br />
In fact, to address this problem, I did a Facebook Fast (which was actually a social media fast, but Facebook Fast is catchier), which meant I would refrain from using all social media and time-wasting websites for 30 days. The first day of my fast, I opened up my browser to do something productive and useful, but <strong>immediately</strong> typed <em>Facebook.com</em> in the address bar without realizing it. I abruptly closed out and refocused myself, but I was amazed at how much I really was conditioned to visiting Facebook. This is an example of unintentional use. But other times, long after the fast and still to this day I find myself <em>intentionally</em> going to Facebook despite the amount of work I have to do. I sometimes do this <em>while</em> I’m in the middle of something.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #2: You Use Your Smartphone For More Social Things Than Smart Things</h3>
The smartphone is incredible, but it also has, without a doubt, increased our social media consumption. I didn’t used to have one, as I talked about in my article about <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-be-completely-portable-without-your-own-computer-or-smartphone/">being portable <em>without</em> a smartphone</a>, but since then I have gotten one through <a href="http://republicwireless.com/">Republic Wireless</a> and I must say – it’s an awesome tool. But they also bring about some negatives, such as allowing social media to be accessible at <em>any</em> time. At first, I installed the Twitter and Facebook apps (and other social apps) on my phone, but I’ve removed them for the reason that I’m already on them enough as is. Plus, they’ll still be there later when I get on my computer.<br />
Do you find yourself constantly checking your social networks, even while you’re not on your computer? Probably. I’ve noticed just in my own personal News Feed that the activity via the Facebook mobile app has been increasing tremendously and is probably equal to the amount of activity via the Facebook page itself.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #3: A Constant Craving To Check Them, Despite Knowing There Are Zero Notifications</h3>
Have you ever done this? You scroll through the news feed, maybe like, comment on and/or retweet a few things, then you close it out. You start doing something, then five minutes later you find yourself <strong>back on again</strong>. <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/makeuseof-writer-procrastinates-8-easy-steps/">MakeUseOf writers are in no way exempt from procrastination</a>, and I’ve done this several times while writing up to this point in this article already.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #4: You Have More Services Connected Together Than You Can Count</h3>
One of the benefits of having social networking accounts is the benefit of easily logging into websites and services, like you do here on MakeUseOf. However, this can also be a negative thing if you begin to trust sketchy websites and applications that shouldn’t be trusted. Depending on the permissions, when you log into sites with your social accounts, they may be able to access information about you that you otherwise wouldn’t want. Of course, this gets back to <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/facebooks-privacy-settings-a-complete-guide/">your privacy settings</a>, but the threat can still be there.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #5: You’re On Them First Thing Every Morning And Right Before Bed Every Night</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networks" class="aligncenter" height="359" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Man-Using-Laptop-In-The-Bed.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="590" /><br />
Neither of these things are good for us. I think we’d all agree that starting your day out right is crucial to, well, having a good day. It’s so easy though to just lay in bed until noon (on a day that you don’t have to get up) and surf the Internet aimlessly, likely spending the majority of your time on social networks.<br />
In addition, the same should be avoided before you go to sleep. This doesn’t just include social networks, but technology in general. It’s been proven that bright screens hinder sleep as your brain is being stimulated and tricked into thinking it’s still day – that’s why you don’t normally feel as tired. Also, it can easily eat up hours of needed sleep, causing you to wake up the next morning in a scramble to get to your job, class, etc. because you overslept because you didn’t get to sleep early enough because you were on… Facebook.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #6: You’re More Social Online WHILE With Friends, Than With The Friends Themselves</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networking" class="aligncenter" height="334" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Group-of-young-people-texting.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="500" /><br />
Whenever you hang out with your friends or family, do you often discover that you spend more time looking at your phones or laptops than at each other? Or worse, did that just make you realize that that’s what you’re doing and you’re not even conscious of it? Hopefully the second question didn’t happen to any of you, but I bet the first has, myself included. It’s sad isn’t it?<br />
In addition, have you ever communicated via a social network with someone within seeing and/or hearing distance? Sometimes, yes, it’s funny to do. But it’s becoming more acceptable than it should be.<br />
There’s a reason that we’ve covered the dangers of smartphones multiple times here at MakeUseOf:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/smartphone-syndrome-addicted-phones-good-opinion/">The Smartphone Syndrome: Are We Becoming Too Addicted To Our Phones For Our Own Good? [Opinion]</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/are-you-addicted-to-your-smartphone/">Are You Addicted To Your Smartphone?</a></li>
</ul>
Justin, also, recently shared <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/why-this-technology-blogger-does-not-own-a-smartphone-opinion/">his reasoning behind not owning one and not wanting to</a> – it’s not just about money for him.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #7: You Share Everything</h3>
Sometimes I go in spurts where I just post a lot to my social accounts one day, but then go days without posting something (or very little). This applies to that as well, but more importantly, this is referring to you <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/online-privacy-share-information/">sharing every video you watch, every article you read, every photo you see</a>, etc. This can get obnoxious and <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/grow-resentment-facebook-friends-twitter-followers/">will definitely annoy people</a>. Such tools, like the aptly named browser extension, <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/shareaholic-firefox/">Shareaholic</a>, should be used in moderation or not at all by these types of people.<br />
<strong> </strong>Instead, I recommend using <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/schedule-post-updates-twitter-facebook-linkedin-bufferapp-chrome/">Buffer</a>.<br />
<h3>
Symptom #8: You Check-In To Your House</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networking" class="aligncenter" height="382" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Home-Sweet-Home.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="500" /><br />
If you do this, right now I’m looking at you with the most dull expression on my face wondering why. The other day I mentioned my annoyance of this to the barista at a great coffee shop that I go to throughout the week and she responded saying she did that. I gave her that expression.<br />
I honestly don’t get the point. And I don’t know if you’ve considered this, but if those check-ins are public, it doesn’t take much for people to figure out where you live. Now they have your name, photo <strong><em>and</em></strong> address (or at least nearby vicinity)? Do you <strong>want</strong> to be robbed?<br />
<h2>
Seeking Out Treatment</h2>
Now on to curing this disease. Granted, you don’t have to completely quit (although it may help if you did temporarily). You just have to <strong>develop the proper discipline</strong>. That is the key here – all of these others follow in the footsteps of that. So what do you have to do?<br />
<strong>Develop the proper discipline!</strong><br />
<strong>NOTE:</strong> Some of these may coincidentally match up with the symptoms above, but that doesn’t mean it was intentional. If I’m referring to a specific symptom, I’ll tell you. Again, like I said in the first “note” at the beginning of this article, look at this list collectively – they should all (or at least most) be done to ensure <strong>true curing of social network overdosing</strong>.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #1: Recognition And Determination</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networking" class="aligncenter" height="334" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Determined-runner.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="500" /><br />
After establishing that you <em>need</em> to be disciplined, you’ve probably already recognized that you have a problem. But I’m reiterating it anyway. Next, comes determination – how long are you going to last? Well, hopefully you create the <em>right</em> habits so that this is permanent and you don’t fall back into the same ruts and routine. I know – it’s very easy to do.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #2: Challenge Yourself With The 30-Day “Facebook Fast”</h3>
Again, this isn’t <em>just</em> Facebook, but all social networks and time-wasting websites that make you wonder where your day just went. This might be difficult for some, specifically people who have jobs that rely on social media or the Internet in general. So although this is <strong>best</strong> if you completely purge all activity, if you can have the discipline to hold yourself to only doing specific things and only spending a certain amount of time on these tempting, time-sucking sites, you <em>may</em> still be able to pull it off. But I warn you, if you already have this weakness, you’re going to really be put to the test. Again, like most of these things, I speak from experience, both from the past and current – unfortunately.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #3: Do Something With What You Learned From The Facebook Fast</h3>
The Facebook Fast won’t do you any good, should you simply return to your old habits. This is why I mentioned discipline and determination first. If those are in place <strong>before</strong> you start your Facebook Fast, or even if you start them <strong>during</strong> the fast, you will benefit much more from this sacrifice and can go back into social media with a whole new outlook.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #4: The Phone Stack</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networking sites" class="aligncenter" height="443" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/IMG_1185.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="590" /><br />
This idea has been <a href="http://www.getkempt.com/the-code/the-phone-stack.php">going around the Internet quite a bit</a>, so you may have already heard of it. The idea behind this is that while you’re eating with others at the table, you don’t check your phones – <strong><em>at all</em></strong>. Instead, you stack them in the middle and should someone check their phone, they are the one who pays the whole bill.<br />
Here are the official rules:<br />
<ol>
<li>The game starts after everyone has ordered.</li>
<li>Everybody places their phone on the table face down.</li>
<li>The first person to flip over their phone loses the game.</li>
<li>The loser of the game pays for the bill.</li>
<li>If the bill comes before anyone has flipped over their phone everybody is declared a winner and pays for their own meal.</li>
</ol>
There are <a href="http://blkgirlblogging.tumblr.com/post/15301683144/str8nochaser-the-terrific-kid-onehoney">variations and additional options</a> for this as well as some <a href="http://www.getkempt.com/the-code/defending-the-phone-stack.php">replies to some common objections</a>.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #5: The One-Hour Rule</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networking sites" class="aligncenter" height="500" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Clock.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="500" /><br />
If you have a problem with checking social networks first thing every morning and last thing every night (Symptom #5), try shutting everything down – yes, your computer, phone, everything – a whole hour before you go to bed and not checking them for an hour after you wake up.<br />
Alright, so perhaps texting or a phone call is the exception if it’s a special someone or close friend – I’m partial to that – but other than that, try this and see if it helps. Obviously you could easily combine this one and the Facebook Fast, but then continue this after you’ve completed it.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #6: Be Aware – Limit And Time Yourself</h3>
Simply being aware of how much time you’re spending on social networks can be a help in itself, but again, if you don’t care (aka aren’t determined and disciplined), it won’t matter. Those are key! Once you’ve recognized how much time you’re spending, experiment with how much time would be reasonable to spend on these sites instead.<br />
There are a lot of helpful web apps and browser extensions for timing such as E.ggTimer and Tomato Timer, both of which I covered in <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-webbased-tools-browser-writer/" title="5 Web-Based Tools For Any Browser That Every Writer Should Use"><em>5 Web-Based Tools For Any Browser That Every Writer Should Use</em></a>. In addition, another is SnapTimer, mentioned by Craig in <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/2-applications-keeping-time-limit/" title="The 2 Best Applications For Keeping A Time Limit On Yourself"><em>The 2 Best Applications For Keeping A Time Limit On Yourself</em></a>. Of course, there are many more than these three, but perhaps these will help you get started.<br />
In addition, the article <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-tools-to-track-how-you-spend-time-online/" title="5 Tools to Track How Much Time you Waste while Online"><em>5 Tools to Track How Much Time you Waste while Online</em></a> might be of some help.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #7: Revoke Site Permissions</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networking sites" class="aligncenter" height="410" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/MyPermissions.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="590" /><br />
In references to having too many apps and websites connected to your social network accounts (Symptom #4), revoking site permissions can be helpful in helping you <strong>be aware</strong> of how much you’re connecting to. The service MyPermissions is an excellent tool, allowing you to easily access many of the social network privacy and security pages. Also, <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/apps-revoke-app-permissions-multiple-websites-2-minutes/">when combined with IFTTT</a> (If This Then That), it serves as a reminder to help you not forget to go over your social network permissions each month.<br />
<h3>
Treatment #8: Block Websites</h3>
<img alt="addicted to social networks" class="aligncenter" height="336" src="http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Access-denied-stamp.jpg" style="border: 0pt currentColor;" width="500" /><br />
Need some added motivation and discipline? There are tools to help prevent access – but these aren’t perfect and they shouldn’t be because then they’d be <em>too</em> controlling. We’ve covered many of them, including the well known Chrome extension, <a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/stay-focused-stayfocusd-google-chrome-goodbye-distractions/">StayFocusd</a>. Below are four articles that might be of some help:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/stop-multitasking-stay-focused-efficient-productive-windows/" title="3 Ways To Stop Multitasking & Stay Focused To Be More Efficient & Productive [Windows]">3 Ways To Stop Multitasking & Stay Focused To Be More Efficient & Productive [Windows]</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/addicted-google-4-ways-block-addictive-websites-work/" title="Addicted To Google Plus- Here Are 4 Ways To Block Addictive Websites & Get Back To Work">Addicted To Google Plus? Here Are 4 Ways To Block Addictive Websites & Get Back To Work</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/filter-block-websites-network-experience-weblock/" title="Block Websites Without Any Network Experience using Any Weblock">Block Websites Without Any Network Experience using Any Weblock</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/block-unsafe-websites-blocking-lists-windows-hosts-file/" title="How To Block Websites On Your PC Without Using Software [Windows]">How To Block Websites On Your PC Without Using Software [Windows]</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
Treatment #9: Follow Through</h3>
Just like I started with “discipline,” I’m ending this with “following through.” In the end, these are like the bread in a sandwich – they keep everything together. By following through, you ensure that all your efforts aren’t just for not, but that you’ll actually improve and grow from them.<br />
<h2>
Conclusion</h2>
Now that I’ve written this whole article, I realize something – I should follow my own advice. So you know what? I’m going to. I’m going to practice what I preach. However, I fall into the category mentioned earlier about people who use social media for their work – that’s the clincher and is what makes it so difficult to separate yourself. <em><strong>It’s like trying to go on a diet, but working at a cupcake shop, which just so happens to be your favorite food</strong></em> – doesn’t work too well. But that is where discipline, determination and following through come in. With those three things, anything can be accomplished.<br />
Do you feel you’re overdosing on social networks? Have you tried to quit or limit yourself, even for a short period of time? How did that work for you? We’d love you to share any personal advice and experiences!</div>
Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9164625909909416203.post-79995758438573146922013-02-19T14:59:00.001+05:302013-02-19T14:59:16.481+05:30Buffering Against Alcohol<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="caption">Using a new assembly method, scientists have combined multiple enzymes in a polymer nanocapsule to reduce blood alcohol levels and liver damage in drunken mice.</span></h3>
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<span class="caption"></span><span class="caption"></span> </div>
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<span class="caption">Illustration of an biomimetic enzyme nanocomplex</span><span class="reference">YUNFENG LU, UCLA</span>A nanocomplex of enzymes can lower blood alcohol levels and reduce liver damage in intoxicated mice, according to a study published today (February 17) in <em>Nature Nanotechnology</em>. The research, which employed a new technique to assemble and encapsulate multiple enzymes, suggests that tailored enzyme nanocomplexes could be built for a wide range of applications.</div>
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<a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/images/News/February2013/EnzymeComplex_310.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.the-scientist.com/images/News/February2013/EnzymeComplex_310.jpg" title="" /></a> “It’s a very elegant approach to positioning enzymes in a controlled fashion, and it’s certainly a step forward,” said Jan van Hest, a professor of bio- organic chemistry at Radboud University in Nijmegen, Holland, who was not involved in the study. “They show very nice results already, with increased [enzyme] activity in living systems, and it’s a very generic approach so it looks like it could be extended [to other applications].”</div>
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In eukaryotic cells, most enzymes do not roam freely within the cytosol. Instead, they are carefully positioned within subcellular organelles or closely paired with other enzymes. This proximity minimizes the diffusion of toxic intermediates and enhances the overall efficiency and specificity of reactions. Inspired by these close-knit gangs of complementary enzymes, researchers have tried to make similar complexes in the lab. But it has been difficult to control the number, size, and type of enzyme in a cluster, and to ensure the complex does not get broken down or thrown out of the body.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now, a team led by Yunfeng Lu of the University of California, Los Angeles, has successfully demonstrated a new way to make stable enzyme clusters. To combine three different enzymes, the researchers attached substrates for each to the ends of a single-stranded DNA scaffold. When the scaffold and enzymes are mixed, the enzymes bind to their respective substrates on the scaffold. The researchers then coated the enzymes with a network of polymers, forming a thin, permeable shell that protects the complex. Finally, the DNA scaffold is removed, freeing up the enzymes’ binding sites so they can attach to new substrates and catalyze reactions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“In enzyme position assembly, it’s quite difficult to have almost molecular level control, but if you want to get cascade catalysis it’s important,” said van Hest. “What they have done very smartly is to combine the positional control of using DNA scaffolds with the robustness of polymer encapsulation.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Lu and colleagues first tested a complex of three enzymes designed to mediate consecutive reactions of sucrose and glucose in mice, and found that it displayed enhanced catalytic efficiency and stability. Next, they used the same method to construct a nanocomplex made up of alcohol oxidase (AOx) and catalase (Cat) to see if it could serve as a prophylactic for alcohol intoxication and prevent liver damage.</div>
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When they fed mice a diet of alcohol and the nanocomplex (AOx–Cat), they found that blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was reduced by 10 percent at 45 minutes, by 32 percent after an hour and a half, and 37 percent after 3 hours, compared with significantly smaller reductions in mice fed alcohol and just one of the enzymes, with or without a polymer shell.</div>
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Furthermore, mice treated with AOx–Cat 30 minutes after intoxication had the lowest levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), an enzyme biomarker for liver damage. “We’ve shown that we can combine these two enzymes in a way to make them stable, and that in animal models the complex is active and reduces BAC and liver damage.”<br /><br />But the alcohol oxidation process also produces another toxic intermediate called acetaldehyde, and there is currently no enzyme that can efficiently break this down. When such an enzyme is developed, however, it could be incorporated into a nanocomplex to create an even more effective antidote for alcohol consumption, Lu said. “I don’t see any major obstacles for this.”</div>
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Considering the vast library of enzymes available already, Lu is confident that this new method for creating enzyme nanocomplexes can be used for a wide range of applications. Indeed, he is already working with Kythera, a California-based biopharmaceutical company, to design a nanocomplex to eliminate the male hormone that causes hair loss. </div>
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Van Hest agreed. “At the moment, enzymes are combined in very crude manner,” he said. “If you want more control, this is certainly a nice way to do it.”</div>
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<strong>Y. Liu et al., “</strong><strong>Biomimetic enzyme nanocomplexes and their use as antidotes and preventive measures for alcohol intoxication,” <em>Nature Nanotechnology</em>, doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.264, 2013.</strong></div>
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Prasannahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18096032349470226475noreply@blogger.com0